Abbreviation or symbol for hyperopia or hyperopic; horizontal; Hauch; Holzknecht unit; henry, unit of electrical inductance; hydrogen; the Fraunhofer line at lambda 3968 due to calcium; histidine; magnetic field strength; heroin.
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Symbol for hydrogen ion, the proton.
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Symbol for hydrogen-2.
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Symbol for hydrogen-1.
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Symbol for hydrogen-3.
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Symbol for enthalpy, heat content, in the equation for free energy.
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Symbol for hecto-; height; hour.
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Symbol for photon.
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Symbol for Planck's constant; h = h/2pi.
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Symbol proposed for hahnium.
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Abbreviation for hepatitis-associated antigen.
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Otto, Swiss ophthalmologist, 1850-1931.
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See under rule.
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1. A frenum or restricting fibrous band. 2. A restraining bandage. 3. habenula (2) [L. strap]
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Relating to a habena.
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1. frenulum 2. [NA] In neuroanatomy, the term originally denoted the stalk of the pineal gland (pineal habenula; pedunculus of pineal body), but gradually came to refer to a neighboring group of nerve cells with which the pineal gland was believed to be associated, the habenular nucleus. Currently, the NA term refers exclusively to this circumscript cell mass in the dorsomedial thalamus, embedded in the posterior end of the medullary stria from which it receives most of its afferent fibers. By way of the retroflex fasciculus (habenulointerpeduncular tract) it projects to the interpeduncular nucleus and other paramedian cell groups of the midbrain tegmentum. Despite its proximity to the pineal stalk, no habenulopineal fiber connection is known to exist. It is a part of the epithalamus.habena (3) ; [L.]
h. of cecum extension of the mesocolic tenia, dorsal or ventral to the terminal ileum.
haben´ulae perfora´ta foramina nervosa, under foramen
Haller's h. rarely used term for the cordlike remains of the vaginal process of the peritoneum.Scarpa's h;
pineal h. the peduncle or stalk of the pineal gland. See habenula (2).
Scarpa's h. Haller's h
h. urethra´lis one of two fine, whitish lines running from the meatus urethrae to the clitoris in girls and young women; the vestiges of the anterior part of the corpus spongiosum.
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Relating to a habenula, especially the stalk of the pineal body.
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Henry, 20th century British dermatologist. See H.'s syndrome.
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R., German dermatologist, 1884-1941. See Mucha-H. disease, syndrome.
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1. An act, behavioral response, practice, or custom established in one's repertoire by frequent repetition of the same act. See also addiction. 2. A basic variable in the study of conditioning and learning used to designate a new response learned either by association or by being followed by a reward or reinforced event. See conditioning, learning. [L. habeo, pp. habitus, to have]
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1. The process of forming a habit, referring generally to psychological dependence on the continued use of a drug to maintain a sense of well-being, which can result in drug addiction. 2. The method by which the nervous system reduces or inhibits responsiveness during repeated stimulation.
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The physical characteristics of a person. [L. habit]
fetal h. relationship of one fetal part to another.fetal attitude;
gracile h. small stature, frail, underweight appearance.
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Rarely used term for a morbid impulse toward gaiety. [G. habros, graceful, + mania, insanity]
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A genus of spiruroid nematodes inhabiting the stomach of horses. The larvae develop in housefly and stable fly maggots living in manure, become infective when the fly larvae pupate, and are carried by adult flies to open wounds on horses, where they are left and cause cutaneous habronemiasis; reinfection of the horse's stomach by H. occurs by accidental ingestion of infected flies or from licking wounds in which infective larvae are found. [G. habros, graceful, delicate, + nema, a thread]
H. ma´jus one of two species (the other being H. microstoma) similar in appearance, hosts, distribution, and life cycle to H. muscae; the intermediate host is the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans.
H. megas´toma a species that causes tumors in gastric mucosa containing large numbers of the small nematodes; the larvae cause cutaneous habronemiasis; the intermediate host is the common housefly, Musca domestica.
H. micros´toma See H. majus.
H. mus´cae a species that occurs in the stomach of the horse, mule, ass, or zebra; the intermediate host is the common housefly, Musca domestica, or related flies.
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Infection of horses with any nematodes of the genus Habronema; commonly denotes wound infections that contain the larvae of this worm.
cutaneous h. chronic granulomatous sores on the skin of horses caused by fly-borne larvae of Draschia megastoma (primarily), Habronema muscae, and H. majus which are deposited in skin wounds; the lesions are characterized by being pulpy and persistent but usually regress spontaneously in winter.summer sores;
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A chopping stroke made with the edge of the hand in massage.
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Geoffrey, British physician, *1889. See Clarke-H. syndrome.
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A genus of scorpions found in the southwestern U.S., characterized by numerous setae on the stinger; the commonest species is H. arizonensis, the olive hairy scorpion. See also Scorpionida. [G. hadros, thick, stout, + ouro, tail]
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Ernst, German naturalist, 1834-1919. See H.'s gastrea theory, law.
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See hem-.
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A species of land leech found in Sri Lanka; it attaches itself to the skin of animals or humans. Its bite is painful, and numerous bites may cause anemia. [G. haima, blood, + dipsa, thirst]
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Old term for ameboid protozoa now classified in the suborder Haemosporina, blood parasites that include the genus Plasmodium. [G. haima, blood, + amoibe, change]
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A genus of small, eyeless, inornate ticks. As larvae and nymphs, they are found chiefly on small mammals and birds; as adults, they are found on larger mammals and some birds. They are important as vectors of protozoa and viruses, (e.g., Kyasanur Forest disease virus). [G. haima, blood, + physaleos, full of wind]
H. chordei´lis the bird tick, a common tick of turkeys and upland game birds in North America.
H. cinnabari´na a tick that occurs chiefly in the dry district of British Columbia; this species can cause ascending paraplegia or tick paralysis in both humans and animals. [G. kinnabarinos, like cinnabar, vermilion]
H. cinnabari´na puncta´ta a race of H. in Europe, north Africa, and Japan; larvae and nymphs feed on terrestrial reptiles, and adults on various domestic herbivores, rabbits, and hedgehogs; it transmits bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis.
H. concin´na common rodent tick species of the area formerly known as the U.S.S.R. that is a vector and reservoir of tick typhus.
H. leach´i a species of Africa, Asia, and Australia that occurs on domestic and wild carnivores, on small rodents, and occasionally on cattle; it transmits canine babesiosis and boutonneuse fever.
H. lepo´ris-palus´tris the rabbit tick, a tick species that occurs on all species of rabbits and on many wild birds in all parts of North America from Alaska to Mexico, and is important in the spread of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia among rabbits; it does not attack humans or most domestic animals and does not spread these diseases to them, but serves to maintain the infection in reservoir hosts. [L. fem. of paluster, marshy]
H. spinige´ra a tropical forest species in India that is a vector of Kyasanur Forest disease; various rodents and insectivores serve as hosts of immature ticks of this species, which carry an arbovirus of the Russian spring-summer B group complex; monkeys act as reservoirs of human infection.
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Genus of flies of the family Muscidae.
H. ir´ritans horn fly
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An important genus of sucking lice (family Haematopinidae) affecting swine and other domestic and wild animals; it is normally nonpathogenic. H. asini affects horses, mules, and asses; H. eurysternus and H. quadripertusus, cattle; and H. suis, swine. [G. haima, blood, + L. pinus, pine tree]
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A genus of parasitic bacteria (order Rickettsiales) found in and on the surface of erythrocytes, but which rarely produce disease in animals without splenectomy. They are identical to Eperythrozoon species, except that H. species are not found free in the plasma nor are ring forms seen on the surface of infected erythrocytes. Species are found in laboratory rats and in dogs, cats, and other domestic animals. The type species is H. muris.Hemobartonella; [G. haima, blood, + dim. of A.S. beretun, courtyard, grange, fr. bere, barley, + tun, enclosure]
H. felis the species causing feline infectious anemia.
H. mu´ris a species found in rats, mice, and hamsters; ectoparasites such as the rat louse, the flea, and possibly the bedbug are vectors; it is the type species of H.
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Old name for Plasmodium species. [G. haima, blood, + kokkos, berry]
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The rabbit louse, a transmitter of Francisella tularensis. [G. haima, blood, + dipsos, thirst; L. venter (ventr-), belly]
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A sporozoan coccidian genus (order Eucoccidiida, family Haemogregarinidae) that parasitizes the blood cells of cold-blooded animals and the digestive system of invertebrate primary hosts in an obligatory two-host cycle. [G. haima, blood, + L. grex, a flock]
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An economically important genus of nematode parasites (family Trichostrongylidae) occurring in the abomasum of ruminant animals and causing severe anemia, especially in younger or previously unexposed animals. Some significant species are H. placei (in cattle, sheep, and goats), H. similis (in cattle and sheep), and H. contortus, the stomach, barberpole, or twisted wire worm of cattle, sheep, goats, and other ruminants, of which a few cases have been reported from humans. [G. haima, blood, + onchos, spear]
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A genus of aerobic to facultatively anaerobic, nonmotile bacteria (family Brucellaceae) containing minute, Gram-negative, rod-shaped cells which sometimes form threads and are pleomorphic. These organisms are strictly parasitic, growing best, or only, on media containing blood. They may or may not be pathogenic. They occur in various lesions and secretions, as well as in normal respiratory tracts, of vertebrates. The type species is H. influenzae. [G. haima, blood, + philos, fond]
H. actinomycetemcomi´tans Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
H. aegyp´ticus a species that causes acute or subacute infectious conjunctivitis in warm climates.
H. aphroph´ilus a species found in the blood and, rarely, on the heart valve as a cause of endocarditis.
H. ducrey´i a species which causes soft chancre (chancroid).Ducrey's bacillus;
H. gallina´rum former name for H. paragallinarum.
H. haemoglobinoph´ilus a species which occurs in large numbers in preputial secretions of dogs.
H. haemolyt´icus a species which is usually nonpathogenic but which, on rare occasions, causes subacute endocarditis.
H. influen´zae a species found in the respiratory tract that causes acute respiratory infections; including pneumonia, acute conjunctivitis, bacterial meningitis, and purulent meningitis in children, rarely in adults; originally considered to be the cause of influenza, it is the type species of the genus H.influenza bacillus, Koch-Weeks bacillus, Pfeiffer's bacillus, Weeks' bacillus;
H. paragallina´rum a species that causes infectious coryza in chickens and other birds.
H. parahaemoly´ticus a species found in the upper respiratory tract and associated frequently with pharyngitis; occasionally causes subacute endocarditis.
H. parainfluen´zae a species which is usually nonpathogenic but which occasionally causes subacute endocarditis.
H. para´suis a species causing Glasser's disease in pigs.
H. som´nus a species causing thromboembolic meningoencephalitis in cattle.
H. su´is a species, related to H. influenzae, found in swine and associated with influenza virus in the pneumonia of swine influenza.
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A genus of sporozoa (suborder Haemosporina) parasitic in birds and reptiles, combined with Leucocytozoon, Hepatocystis, and other genera in the family Haemoproteidae. Schizogony occurs in endothelial cells of blood vessels, especially in the lungs of the host, while halter-shaped gametocytes are found in the red blood cells. Infection is transmitted by pupiparous Diptera, such as louse flies (Hippoboscidae) and by bloodsucking midges (Culicoides) [G. haima, blood, + Proteus, a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes]
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A suborder of coccidia (class Sporozoea) that lack syzygy, with separate development of macrogamete and microgamont, the latter producing eight flagellated microgametes; heteroxenous with merogany in vertebrates and sporogony in bloodsucking insects; includes the genera Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, and Plasmodium. [G. haima, blood, + sporos, seed]
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Angiostrongylus vasorum [G. haima, blood, + strongylos, round]
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Hans G., German neurologist, 1874-1942. See H.'s symptom.
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William, U.S. epidemiologist/statistician, *1910. See Mantel-Haenszel test.
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Waldemar M.W., Russian physician, 1860-1930. See H.'s vaccine.
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Genus in the tribe Klebsiella; a rare cause of nosocomial infection. There is a single species, Hafnia alvei.
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A rare chemical element, atomic no. 72, atomic wt. 178.49. [L. Hafniae, Copenhagen]
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Werner, German surgeon, 1831-1894. See H. needle.
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Surname of person in whom deficiency of Hageman factor (q.v., ) was first observed.
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Treatment of the sick by contact with relics of the saints, visits to shrines, and other religious observances. [G. hagios, sacred]
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S.E. Patrick, Swedish orthopedist, 1870-1937. See H.'s deformity, disease.
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C.F.S., German physician and founder of homeopathy, 1755-1843. See hahnemannian.
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Relating to homeopathy as taught by Hahnemann.
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Name proposed for the artificially made element 105. [Otto Hahn, Ger. physical chemist and Nobel laureate, 1879-1968]
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See under reagent.
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Wilhelm von, Austrian mineralogist, 1795-1871. See H.'s brushes, under brush.
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W. Howard, U.S. dermatologist, 1898-1967. See H.-H. disease.
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Hugh E., U.S. dermatologist, *1909. See H.-H. disease.
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1. pilus (1) 2. One of the fine hairlike processes of the auditory cells of the labyrinth, and of other sensory cells, called auditory h.'s, sensory h.'s, etc.thrix; [A.S. haer]
auditory h.'s cilia on the free surface of the auditory cells.
axillary h. h. of the armpit.
bamboo h. h. with regularly spaced nodules along the shaft caused by intermittent fractures with invagination of the distal h. into the proximal portion, with intervening lengths of normal h., giving the appearance of bamboo; seen in Netherton's syndrome; autosomal recessive trait.trichorrhexis invaginata;
bayonet h. a spindle-shaped developmental defect occurring at the tapered end of the h.
beaded h. monilethrix
burrowing h.'s ingrown h.'s
club h. a h. in resting state, prior to shedding, in which the bulb has become a club-shaped mass.
exclamation point h. the type of dystrophic anagen h. found at margins of patches of alopecia areata; the bulb is absent.
Frey's h.'s short h.'s of varying degrees of stiffness, set at right angles into the end of a light wooden handle; used for assessing sensation.
ingrown h.'s h.'s that grow at more acute angles than is normal, and in all directions; they incompletely clear the follicle, turn back in, and cause pseudofolliculitis.burrowing h.'s;
kinky h. tightly curled or bent h. See kinky-hair disease.
lanugo h. lanugo
moniliform h. monilethrix
nettling h.'s sharp-pointed barbed h.'s of certain caterpillars which cause a dermatitis when brought in contact with the skin.
ringed h. a rare condition in which the h. shows alternate pigmented and bright segments, the latter due to air cavities within the cortex.leukotrichia annularis, pili annulati, thrix annulata, trichonosus versicolor;
scalp h. a hair of the head.capillus [NA] ;
Schridde's cancer h.'s thick lusterless h.'s scattered in the beard and the temporal region, said to occur in cancerous patients but found also in persons with other cachectic conditions.
stellate h. h. split in several strands at the free end.
tactile h. the vibrissae or whiskers of animals such as rats and cats which have especially well developed touch endings in the follicular wall.
taste h.'s hairlike projections of gustatory cells of taste buds; electron micrographs show them to be clusters of microvilli.
terminal h. a mature pigmented, coarse h.
twisted h.'s pili torti, under pilus
vellus h. colorless, soft, fine postnatal to adult h.
woolly h. tightly coiled h., oval in cross-section, with the texture of wool.
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A small, nodular accretion of epithelial cells and keratinous debris resulting from failure of the internal root sheath to disintegrate; it appears for 3 to 7 mm along the hair shaft.
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The structure formed by a polynucleic acid by base-pairing between neighboring complementary sequences of a single strand of either DNA or RNA.
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See Trichostrongylus, Gordius.
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1. Of or resembling hair. 2. Covered with hair. See also hirsutism.pilar, pilary, pileous, pilose;
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Blurring of the visual image by glare.
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7-Chloro-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one;a benzodiazepine used in the management of anxiety disorders and for short-term relief of symptoms of anxiety.
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N,N-(N,N-Dichlorosulfamyl)benzoic acid;a chloramine used for the sterilization of drinking water.
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William A., U.S. physician, *1915. See Stryker-H. syndrome.
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Ludwig, German physician, 1876-1949. See H.-Prowazek bodies, under body.
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21-Chloro-9-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16a,17-[(1-methylethylidene)bis(oxy)]pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione;an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid used in topical preparations.
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John B.S., English biochemist and geneticist, 1892-1964. See H. relationship.
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John S., Scottish physiologist at Oxford, 1860-1936. See H.'s apparatus; H. chamber, effect, transformation, tube; H.-Priestley sample.
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Stephen, English physiologist, 1677-1761. See H.'s piesimeter.
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See under stain.
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5-Chloro-2-[p-(diethylaminoethoxy)phenyl]benzothiazole;an antiseptic with antifungal properties.
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A substance that elicits an antigen-antibody reaction, but no precipitation.
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The period in which the radioactivity or number of atoms of a radioactive substance decreases by half; similarly applied to any substance whose quantity decreases exponentially with time. Cf. half-time.
biological h.-l. the time required for one-half of an amount of a substance to be lost through biological processes.
effective h.-l. the time required for the body burden of an administered quantity of radioactivity to decrease by half through a combination of radioactive decay and biological elimination.
physical h.-l. the time required for half the atoms of a radionuclide to undergo disintegration.
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lunula (1)
red h.-m. irregular red discoloration of the usually pale demilune at the base of the fingernail; may be seen in congestive failure, malignant disease, or liver disease, but not specific for any of these.
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The time, in a first-order chemical (or enzymic) reaction, for half of the substance (substrate) to be converted or to disappear. Cf. half-life.
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A facility for individuals who no longer require the complete facilities of a hospital or institution but are not yet prepared to return to independent living.
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The fixed oil obtained from the fresh or suitably preserved livers of halibut species of the genus Hippoglossus (family Pleuronectidae); a supplementary source of vitamins A and D.
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A salt of a halogen.
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Ingestion of an excessive quantity of a salt or salts, especially of sodium chloride, calcium, magnesium, or potassium salts, or of sodium bicarbonate. [G. hals, salt, + phago, to eat]
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A deficiency of lime salts in the bones.halosteresis; [G. hals, salt, + steresis, privation, fr. stereo, to deprive]
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Relating to or marked by halisteresis.
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A foul odor from the mouth.fetor oris, ozostomia, stomatodysodia; [L. halitus, breath, + G. -osis, condition]
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Any exhalation, as of a breath or vapor. [L., fr. halo, to breathe]
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A quinone intermediate, derived from l-dopa, in the formation of melanin from l-tyrosine.
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Adrien J.M.N., French physician, 1859-1947. See H.'s point.
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Albrecht von, Swiss physiologist, 1708-1777. See H.'s ansa, annulus, arches, under arch, circle, cones, under cone, habenula, insula, line, plexus, rete, vascular tissue, tripod, tunica vasculosa, unguis, vas aberrans.
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Wilhelm, 20th century German ophthalmologist. See H.-Streiff syndrome; Hallermann-Streiff-François syndrome.
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Julius, German neurologist, 1882-1965. See H. syndrome; H.-Spatz disease, syndrome.
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hallux [L.]
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Bertil, 20th century Swedish geneticist. See H.'s syndrome.
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François H., French dermatologist, 1842-1919. See H.'s disease.
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Relating to the hallux.
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The apparent, often strong subjective perception of an object or event when no such stimulus or situation is present; may be visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, or tactile. [L. alucinor, to wander in mind]
auditory h. a symptom frequently observed in a schizophrenic disorder consisting, in the absence of an external source, of hearing a voice or other auditory stimulus that other individuals do not perceive.
formed visual h. h. composed of scenes, often landscapes.
gustatory h. the sensation of taste in the absence of a gustatory stimulus; may be seen in temporal lobe epilepsy.
haptic h. the sensation of touch in the absence of stimuli; may be seen in alcoholic delirium tremens.
hypnagogic h. h. occurring in the period between wakefulness and sleep; one of the components of narcolepsy.
hypnopompic h. vivid hallucinations that occur when wakening from sleep; occurs with narcolepsy, but grouped with hypnagogic h.
lilliputian h. h. of reduced size of objects or persons.
mood-congruent h. h. in which the content is mood appropriate.
mood-incongruent h. h. that is not consistent with external stimuli; content is not consistent with either manic or depressed mood.
olfactory h. false perception in smell.
stump h. phantom limb
tactile h. false perception of movement or sensation, as from an amputated limb, or crawling sensation on the skin.
unformed visual h. h. composed of sparks, lights, or bursting spheres of light.
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A mind-altering chemical, drug, or agent, specifically a chemical whose most prominent pharmacologic action is on the central nervous system (e.g., mescaline); in normal subjects, it elicits optical or auditory hallucinations, depersonalization, perceptual disturbances, and disturbances of thought processes.hallucinogenesis, psychedelic drug, psychodysleptic drug, psycholytic drug, psychotomimetic drug; [L. alucinari, to wander in mind, + G. -gen, producing]
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hallucinogen
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psychodelic
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A syndrome, usually of organic origin (e.g., alcoholic h. characterized by more or less persistent hallucinations).
organic h. the state of experiencing a false sensory perception in the absence of external stimulus observed in individuals with one of the organic mental disorders (e.g., the frightening sensations experienced in alcoholic hallucinosis or by a person who has ingested LSD or another of the mind-altering drugs). See hallucination.
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hallux
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The great toe; the first digit of the foot.great toe, hallex, hallus, pollex pedis; [a Mod. L. form for L. hallex (hallic-), great toe]
h. doloro´sus a condition, usually associated with flatfoot, in which walking causes severe pain in the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe.painful toe;
h. exten´sus a deformity in which the great toe is held rigidly in the extended position.
h. flex´us hammer toe involving the first toe.
h. mal´leus hammer toe involving the first toe.
h. rig´idus a condition in which there is stiffness in the first metatarsophalangeal joint; the joint may be the site of a osteoarthritis.stiff toe;
h. val´gus a deviation of the tip of the great toe, or main axis of the toe, toward the outer or lateral side of the foot.
h. va´rus deviation of the main axis of the great toe to the inner side of the foot away from its neighbor.
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1. A reddish yellow ring surrounding the optic disk, due to a widening of the scleral ring making the deeper structures visible. 2. An annular flare of light surrounding a luminous body or a depigmented ring around a mole. See halo nevus. 3. areola (4) 4. A circular metal band used in a h. cast or h. brace, attached to the skull with pins. [G. halos, threshing floor on which oxen trod a circle; the halo round the sun or moon]
anemic h. pale, relatively avascular areas in the skin seen around vascular spiders, cherry angiomas, and sometimes in acute macular eruptions.
glaucomatous h. 1. a yellowish white ring surrounding the optic disk, indicating atrophy of the choroid in glaucoma;glaucomatous ring; 2. a h. surrounding lights, caused by corneal edema in glaucoma.rainbow symptom;
senile h. circumpapillary h. seen in choroidal atrophy of the aged.
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A class of drugs, including phenoxybenzamine and diabenamine, which binds alkylate a-adrenergic receptors so that they are irreversibly inactivated.
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fluanisone
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A genus of Gram variable, aerobic, chemoheterotrophic nonmotile bacteria. Found in seawater and saline soil. The type species is Halococcus morrhuae.
H. morrhu´ae a species found in seawater brine, sea salt, and salt lakes; also found in association with red discoloration of salted fish.
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One of the chlorine group (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine) of elements; h.'s form monobasic acids with hydrogen, and their hydroxides (fluorine forms none) are also monobasic acids. [G. hals, salt, + -gen, producing]
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Incorporation of one or more halogen atoms into a molecule.
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Dermatosis caused by ingestion or injection of halogens, most notably bromides and iodides. [halogen + G. derma, skin]
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A genus of plants (family Chenopodiaceae) on range lands in the western U.S. and other arid regions of the world; it causes poisoning in cattle and sheep because of the presence of soluble oxalates.
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An instrument used to measure the diffraction halo of a red blood cell; based on the premise that the halo of the large erythrocyte of pernicious anemia is smaller than that of the normal cell; the hazy colorless halo of normal size is characteristic of secondary anemia.
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A butyrophenone used as an antipsychotic; also used in Huntington's chorea and Gilles de la Tourette's disease; the drug blocks dopamine receptors.
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A microorganism whose growth is enhanced by or dependent on a high salt concentration. [G. hals, salt, + philos, fond]
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Requiring a high concentration of salt for growth.
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3-Iodo-2-propynyl 2,4,5-trichlorophenyl ether;an antifungal agent.
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halisteresis
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2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane;a widely used potent nonflammable and nonexplosive inhalation anesthetic, with rapid onset and reversal; side effects include respiratory and cardiovascular depression, and sensitization to epinephrine-induced arrhythmias.
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Ward C., U.S. psychologist, 1908-1968. See H.-Reitan battery.
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William Stewart, U.S. surgeon, 1852-1922. See H.'s law, operation, suture.
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Former name for Haemoproteus. [G. halteres, weights held in the hand in leaping]
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Local name of a buccopharyngeal infection occurring in Lebanon, probably caused by pentastomid larvae of the dog tongue worm, Linguatula serrata, which wander into the throat of the human host after ingestion of infected raw sheep, or goat liver or lymph nodes. [Ar., snail]
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Thomas Hale, U.S. physician, *1905. See H.'s test.
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1. popliteal fossa 2. The buttock and back part of the thigh. [A.S.]
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A shrub or small tree, Hamamelis virginiana (family Harmarmelidaceae), whose bark and dried leaves have been used externally as an application to contusions and other injuries, in headache, and for the cure of noninflammatory hemorrhoids; the water, popularly known as "extract of witch hazel," is made from the bark.witch hazel; [Mod. L., fr. G. hama- melis, fr. hama, together with, + melon, apple]
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A localized developmental disturbance characterized by abnormal arrangement and/or combinations of the tissues normally present in the area. [G. hamartion, a bodily defect]
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A malignant neoplasm of undifferentiated anaplastic cells thought to be derived from a hamartoma. [hamartoma + blastoma]
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Neoplasm-like foci of cartilaginous tissue in sites where cartilage is a normal constituent, but in which the growth of cartilage cells is out of proportion to the other elements of the organ. [G. hamartion, bodily defect, + chondros, cartilage, + -osis, condition]
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A focal malformation that resembles a neoplasm, grossly and even microscopically, but results from faulty development in an organ; composed of an abnormal mixture of tissue elements, or an abnormal proportion of a single element, normally present in that site, which develop and grow at virtually the same rate as normal components, and are not likely to result in compression of adjacent tissue (in contrast to a neoplasm). [G. hamartion, a bodily defect, + -oma, tumor]
fibrous h. of infancy a tumor appearing usually in the upper arm or shoulder in the first two years of life and consisting of cellular fibrous tissue infiltrating the subcutis.
pulmonary h. h. of the lung, producing a coin lesion composed primarily of cartilage and bronchial epithelium.adenochondroma;
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Relating to hamartoma.
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Morbid fear of error or sin. [G. hamartia, fault, + phobos, fear]
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hamate bone [L. neut. of hamatus, hooked, fr. hamus, a hook]
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amaxophobia
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Hartog J., Dutch physiologist, 1859-1924. See H.'s law, phenomenon.
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Frank Hastings, U.S. surgeon, 1813-1886. See H.'s pseudophlegmon.
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Louis, U.S. physician, 1877-1946. See H.'s disease, murmur, sign, syndrome; H.-Rich syndrome.
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Olof, Swedish physiological chemist, 1841-1932. See H.'s reagent.
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malleus
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Albert, Austrian physician, 1863-1935. See H.'s method.
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William A., U.S. neurologist, 1828-1900. See H.'s disease.
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Aubrey Otis, U.S. radiologist, 1900-1955. See H. line, maneuver, technique; H.'s hump.
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Any of four genera (subfamily Cricetinae, family Muridae) of small rodents widely used in research and as pets: Cricetus, Cricetulus, Mesocricetus, and Phodopus. All hamsters are seed and plant feeders, store food, hibernate in winter, and breed throughout the year under laboratory conditions.
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1. One of the tendons bounding the popliteal space on either side; the medial h. comprises the tendons of the semimembranosus and semitendinosus, gracilis, and sartorius muscles; the lateral h. is the tendon of the biceps femoris muscle. H. muscles (a) have origin from the ischial tuberosity, (b) act across (at) both the hip and knee joints (producing extension and flexion, respectively), and (c) are innervated by the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve. The medial h. contributes to medial rotation of the leg at the flexed knee joint, while the lateral h. contributes to lateral rotation. 2. In domestic animals, the combined tendons of the superficial digital flexor, triceps surae, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus muscles which are referred to as the common calcanean tendon (tendo calcaneus communis); it is attached to the tuber calcis of the hock.
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Hook-shaped; unciform. [L. hamulus, q.v.]
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Any hooklike structure. [L. dim. of hamus, hook]
h. coch´leae h. of spiral lamina
lacrimal h. the hooklike lower end of the lacrimal crest, curving between the frontal process and orbital surface of the maxilla to form the upper aperture of the bony portion of the nasolacrimal canal.h. lacrimalis [NA], hamular process of lacrimal bone;
h. lacrima´lis [NA] lacrimal h
h. lam´inae spira´lis [NA] h. of spiral lamina
h. os´sis hama´ti [NA] hook of hamate bone
pterygoid h. the inferior, hook-shaped extremity of the medial plate of the pterygoid process.h. pterygoideus [NA], hamular process of sphenoid bone;
h. pterygoid´eus [NA] pterygoid h
h. of spiral lamina the upper hooklike termination of the bony spiral lamina at the apex of the cochlea.h. laminae spiralis [NA], h. cochleae, hook of spiral lamina;
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Henry, English surgeon, 1809-1880. See H.'s amputation.
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Alfred, U.S. pediatrician, 1868-1949. See H.-Schüller-Christian disease.
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The portion of the upper limb distal to the radiocarpal joint, comprised of the wrist, palm, and fingers.manus [NA], main; [A.S.]
accoucheur's h. position of the h. in tetany or in muscular dystrophy; the fingers are flexed at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extended at the phalangeal joints, with the thumb flexed and adducted into the palm; in resemblance to the position of the physician's hand in making a vaginal examination.main d'accoucheur, obstetrical h;
ape h. a deformity marked by extension of the thumb in the same plane as the palm and fingers.monkey h., monkey-paw;
claw h. See clawhand.
cleft h. a congenital deformity in which the division between the fingers, especially between the third and fourth, extends into the metacarpal region. See also lobster-claw deformity.main fourchée, split h;
club h. congenital or acquired angulation deformity of h. associated with partial or complete absence of radius or ulna; usually with intrinsic deformities of the h. in congenital variants. See manus valga, manus vara.
crab h. erysipeloid
drop h. wrist-drop
flat h. manus plana
ghoul h. a condition seen in African blacks, probably a manifestation of tertiary yaws, marked by depigmentation of the palms and contraction of the skin which give a clawlike and corpselike appearance to the h.'s.
h. of hand the back of the hand.dorsum manus [NA] ;
Marinesco's succulent h. edema of the h. with coldness and lividity of the skin, observed in syringomyelia.main succulente;
monkey h. ape h
obstetrical h. accoucheur's h
opera-glass h. a deformity of the h. seen in chronic absorptive arthritis, the fingers and wrists being shortened and the covering skin wrinkled into transverse folds; the phalanges appear to be retracted into one another like an opera glass or miniature telescope.main en lorgnette;
simian h. deformity in which there is flattening of the thenar eminence, and the thumb lies adducted and extended; usually due to a median nerve lesion.
skeleton h. extension of fingers with atrophy of tissues; occurs in progressive muscular atrophy.
spade h. the coarse, thick, square h. of acromegaly or myxedema.
split h. cleft h
trench h. obsolete term for frostbite of the h.
trident h. a h. in which the fingers are of nearly equal length and deflected at the first interphalangeal joint, so as to give a forklike shape; seen in achondroplasia.
writing h. a contraction of the h. muscles in parkinsonism, bringing the fingers somewhat into the position of holding a pen.
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Preference for the use of one hand, most commonly the right, associated with dominance of the opposite cerebral hemisphere; may also be the result of training or habit.
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1. A physical, mental, or emotional condition that interferes with an individual's normal functioning. 2. Reduction in a person's capacity to fulfill a social role as a consequence of an impairment, inadequate training for the role, or other circumstances. See also disability. [fr. hand in cap, (game)]
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A powered dental instrument held in the hand, used to hold rotary cutting, grinding, or polishing implements while they are being revolved.
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Acronym for hereditary angioneurotic edema.
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A loose triangular tag of skin attached at the proximal portion in the medial or lateral nail fold.
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Ernst, Swiss internist, 1891-1973. See H.'s syndrome.
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Horace Tracy, U.S. surgeon, 1837-1900. See H. dilators, under dilator.
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See under solution.
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C. Rollins, U.S. cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon, *1915. See Blalock-H. operation.
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Adolph, Danish anatomist, 1814-1894. See H.'s canal.
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Victor C., French physician, 1844-1896. See H.'s cirrhosis.
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See under macrophage.
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Gerhard A., Norwegian physician, 1841-1912. See H.'s bacillus, disease.
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A genus of Bunyaviridae responsible for pneumonia and hemorrhagic fevers. Four members of the genus are so far recognized: Hantaan, Puumala, Seoul, and Prospect Hill. The first three of these are known human pathogens; Hantaan virus causes Korean hemorrhagic fever. Various rodent species are the asumptomatic carriers of these viruses, which are shed in saliva, urine, and feces. Human infection is direct, or by the respiratory route from contaminated specimens; person-to-person spread has not been demonstrated. An outbreak of hantavirus infection, the Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), causing severe and often fatal pulmonary symptoms was identified in the Four-Corners region of the USA in 1993.
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Thinning of nails resulting in bending and breaking of the free edge, with longitudinal fissures.egg shell nail; [hapalo- + G. onyx (onych-), nail]
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Pain or an extremely disagreeable sensation caused by the merest touch.Pitres' sign (1) ; [G. haphe, touch, + algesis, sense of pain]
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Lacking any coherent system, organization, or objective; not to be confused with random or chaotic.
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A morbid dislike or fear of being touched.aphephobia; [G. haphe, touch, + phobos, fear]
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Simple, single. [G. haplous]
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Having molar teeth with simple crowns, i.e., simple conical teeth without ridges or tubercles. [haplo- + G. odous, tooth]
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Denoting the number of chromosomes in sperm or ova, which is half the number in somatic (diploid) cells; the h. number in normal human beings is 23.monoploid; [G. hapolls, simple, + eidos, appearance]
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The omission of syllables because of excessive speed of utterance. [haplo- + G. logos, study]
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The functional complex between an apoprotein and the prosthetic group that together are responsible for biological activity.
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An instrument for presenting separate views to each eye so that they may be seen as one. [haplo- + G. skopeo, to view]
mirror h. a h. using mirrors to displace the field of view of the two eyes, as in Worth's amblyoscope and the synoptophore.
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Relating to a haploscope.
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An order of sporozoans, now placed in the protozoan phylum Ascetospora, class Stellatosporea, that reproduce asexually by schizogony and produce spores but no flagella, though pseudopodia may be present. [haplo- + G. sporos, seed]
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1. The genetic constitution of an individual with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes; individuals are of the same h. (but of different genotypes) if alike with respect to one allele of a pair but different with respect to the other allele of a pair. 2. In immunogenetics, that portion of the phenotype determined by a set of closely linked genes inherited from one parent (i.e., genes located on one of the pair of chromosomes). The human major histocompatability complex comprises 4 recognized loci (A, B, C, and D) for which there are more than 50 alleles. Similarly, the allotypic markers (antigens) of the immunoglobulin subclasses IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgA2 occur in combinations and are inherited as units almost always unchanged in transmission; the alleles that control these various h.'s are not linked to those controlling the antigens of the kappa type L chains. [haplo- + G. typos, impression, model]
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A molecule that is incapable, alone, of causing the production of antibodies but can, however, combine with a larger antigenic molecule called a carrier. See also hapten inhibition of precipitation.incomplete antigen, partial antigen; [G. hapto, to fasten, bind]
conjugated h. a h. that may cause the production of antibodies when it has been covalently linked to protein.conjugated antigen;
Forssman h. a glycolipid from mammalian organs. Cf. Forssman antibody, Forssman antigen.
half h. See half-hapten.
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The science concerned with the tactile sense. [G. hapto, to grasp, touch]
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An unpleasant sensation derived from touching certain objects. [G. hapto, to touch, + dysphoria]
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A group of a2-globulins in human serum, so called because of their ability to combine with hemoglobin; variant types form a polymorphic system, with a- and beta-polypeptide chains controlled by separate genetic loci. [G. hapto, to grasp, + hemoglobin]
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Instrument for measuring sensitivity to touch. [G. hapto, to touch, + metron, measure]
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Abbreviation for homoarginine.
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Einosuke, Japanese surgeon, 1892-1947. See H.'s disease, syndrome.
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Sir Arthur, English biochemist and Nobel laureate, 1865-1940. See H.-Young ester.
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Johann J., Swiss anatomist, 1656-1711. See H.'s gland.
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A health-enhancing behavior trait believed to increase one's resistance to illness, characterized by a high level of personal control, commitment, and action in responding to events of daily life. [M.E., fr. O.Fr. hardi, fr. Germanic]
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Harold E., 20th century British pathologist. See H.-Passey melanoma.
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1. The degree of firmness of a solid, as determined by its resistance to deformation, scratching, or abrasion. See also hardness scale, number. 2. The relative penetrating power of a beam of x-rays, used both within the diagnostic range of energy and in radiation therapy; expressed in terms of half-value layer.
indentation h. a number related to the size of the impression made by an indenter (or tool) of specific size and shape under a known load.
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The electronic component of a computer.
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George H., English mathematician, 1877-1947. See H.-Weinberg equilibrium, law.
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LeGrand, U.S. ophthalmologist, 1895-1954. See H.-Rand-Ritter test.
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cleft lip
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4,9-dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; 3,4-dihydroharmine;an amine oxidase inhibitor and a central nervous system stimulant; obtained from the seeds of Peganum harmala (family Zygophyllaceae) and from Banisteria caapi (family Malpighiaceae); has been used in parkinsonism.harmidine;
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harmaline
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7-methoxy-1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole;obtained from Peganum harmala (family Zygophyllaceae) and Banisteria caapi (family Malpighaceae); a central nervous system stimulant and potent monoamine oxidase inhibitor; psychic effects resemble those of LSD, but sedative and depressive qualities may predominate over hallucinatory manifestations.banisterine, leucoharmine, telepathine; [G. harmala, harmal, fr. Ar. harmalah, + -ine]
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plane suture [L. and G. a joining]
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A component of complex sound whose frequency is a multiple of the fundamental frequency of the sound. This fundamental frequency is called the first harmonic; the second harmonic has twice the frequency of the fundamental, and so forth.
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Agreement; accord; in dentistry, denotes occlusal h.
functional occlusal h. such occlusal relationship of opposing teeth in all functional ranges and movements as will provide the greatest masticatory efficiency without causing undue strain or trauma upon the supporting tissues, teeth, and muscles.
occlusal h. occlusion without deflective or interceptive occlusal contacts in centric jaw relation as well as eccentric movements.
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Morbid fear of robbers. [G. harpax, robber, + phobos, fear]
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A small, sharp-pointed instrument with a barbed head used for extracting bits of tissue for microscopic examination.
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David O., U.S. ophthalmologist, *1904. See H.-Flocks test.
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Henry A., English anatomist, 1886-1968. See H.'s lines, under line.
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R.I., 20th century Canadian orthopedist. See Salter-H. classification of epiphysial plate injuries.
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Henry F., U.S. physician, 1867-1926. See H.'s hematoxylin.
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Seale, U.S. physician, 1870-1957, investigated food conditions and nutritional diseases. See Harris syndrome.
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Wilfred, English physician, 1869-1960. See H.'s migraine.
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Edward, English physician, 1766-1838. See H.'s groove.
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See under test.
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Fritz, 20th century German surgeon. See H. technique.
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LeRoy L., U.S. dentist, 1893-1951. See H.'s solution.
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Alexis F., U.S. pediatrician, 1898-1964. See H.'s solution; Shaffer-H. method.
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Arthur, German laryngologist, 1849-1931. See H.'s curette.
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Henri A.C.A., French surgeon, 1860-1952. See H.'s operation, pouch.
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A common free-living ameba found in soil, sewage, and water, known to invade invertebrates (snails, grasshoppers, oysters); suspected but not established as an agent of human primary amebic meningoencephalitis.
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Surname of British family in which the disease was first described. See Hartnup disease, syndrome.
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Crude ammonium carbonate;a mixture of ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbamate obtained from ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate by sublimation; used as an expectorant and in smelling salts; so called because originally obtained from deer antlers.
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The larva of Trombicula species.
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William, 1578-1657. English anatomist, physiologist, and physician who first described the circulation of the blood in 1628. He understood that the interventricular septum is not porous so blood can not pass through it. He demonstrated the volume of blood which passes unidirectionally through a segment of a peripheral vein exceeds the volume of blood within the body, so blood must recirculate. He described the organization of the fetal circulation and the transition to the postnatal organization.
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A fever occurring in Japan in the autumn; resembles Weil's disease, but is milder and is caused by the autumnalis serovar of Leptospira interrogans.akiyami, autumn fever (2), sakushu fever, seven-day fever (2) ;
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Heinrich, German physician, 1811-1884. See H.'s formula; Trapp-H. formula.
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Japanese surgeon, 1881-1934. See H.'s disease, struma, thyroiditis.
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A form of cannabis that consists largely of resin from the flowering tops and sprouts of cultivated female plants; contains the highest concentration of cannabinols among the preparations derived from cannabis. [Ar. hay]
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Joseph Ritter von, Czechoslovakian ophthalmologist, 1819-1892. See H.'s fold, valve.
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Arthur, British physician, 1817-1894. See H.'s bodies, under body, concentric corpuscle, under corpuscle; H.-Henle bodies, under body; Virchow-H. bodies, under body.
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Karl, Danish biochemist and physician, 1874-1962. See Henderson-H. equation.
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A dental instrument with an end cutting blade set at an angle to the axis of the handle and having one or two bevels; in the former case, made as right and left pairs called enamel h.'s; used for removing enamel and dentin on teeth.
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See fields of Forel, under field. [Ger.]
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A term used to designate the flagellar antigen of bacteria. See also H antigen. [Ger. breath]
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Martin, Austrian roentgenologist, 1880-1931. See H.'s niche.
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G.A., 20th century German gynecologist. See Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-H. syndrome; Rokitansky-Küster-H. syndrome.
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An organ for the absorption of nutriment. [Mod. L. fr. L. haustus, a drinking]
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Plural of haustrum. [L.]
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Relating to a haustrum.
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1. The process of formation of a haustrum. 2. An increase in prominence of the haustra.
h.'s of colon haustra of colon, under haustrum
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One of a series of saccules or pouches, so called because of a fancied resemblance to the buckets on a water wheel. [L. a machine for drawing water, fr. haurio, pp. haustus, to draw up, drink up]
haus´tra co´li [NA] haustra of coloncellulae coli;
haustra of colon the sacculations of the colon, caused by the teniae, or longitudinal bands, which are slightly shorter than the gut so that the latter is thrown into tucks or pouches.haustra coli [NA], haustrations of colon, sacculation of colon;
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A potion or medicinal draft. [L. a drink, draft]
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Abbreviation for hepatitis A virus.
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See Streptobacillus moniliformis.
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Clopton, British anatomist, 1650-1702. See haversian canals, under canal; H.'s glands, under gland; haversian lamella; haversian spaces, under space; haversian system.
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Relating to Clopton Havers and the various osseous structures described by him.
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C.A., U.S. orthodontist. See H. appliance, retainer.
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Sir Walter Norman, British chemist and Nobel laureate, 1883-1950. See H. conformational formulas of cyclic sugars, perspective formulas of cyclic sugars.
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Georges, French physician, 1841-1933. See H.'s hematoblast, solution; H.-Widal syndrome.
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Leonard, U.S. microbiologist, *1928. See H.'s limit.
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John, English physician, 1740-1827. See H.'s nodes, under node, nodosities, under nodosity.
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Asarum europaeum
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Abbreviation for hemoglobin.
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Abbreviation for hemoglobin Chesapeake.
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Abbreviation for antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen.
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Abbreviation for antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen.
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Abbreviation for antibody to the hepatitis B e antigen.
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Abbreviation for hepatitis B surface antigen.
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Abbreviation for hepatitis B core antigen.
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Abbreviation for carboxyhemoglobin.
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Abbreviation for His bundle electrogram.
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Abbreviation for hepatitis B e antigen.
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Abbreviation for oxyhemoglobin.
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Abbreviation for sickle cell hemoglobin.
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Abbreviation for hepatitis B virus.
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Abbreviation for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.
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Abbreviation for Health Care Financing Administration.
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Abbreviation for human chorionic gonadotropin.
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heavy chain
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Abbreviation for human chorionic somatomammotropic hormone; human chorionic somatomammotropin.
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Abbreviation for hematocrit.
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Abbreviation for hepatitis C virus.
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Abbreviation for homocysteine.
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Abbreviation for mustard gas.
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Abbreviation for L. hora decubitus, at bedtime.
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Abbreviation for human diploid cell vaccine; human diploid cell rabies vaccine.
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Abbreviation for high density lipoprotein. See lipoprotein.
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Abbreviation for hepatitis delta virus.
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Symbol for helium.
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Symbols for helium-3 and helium-4, respectively.
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Sir Henry, English neurologist, 1861-1940. See H.'s areas, under area, lines, under line, zones, under zone.
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caput [A.S. heafod]
big h. an acute disease of young rams caused by the Clostridium novyi, C. sordellii or, rarely, C. chauvoei and characterized by a nongaseous, nonhemorrhagic, edematous swelling of the head and neck.
bulldog h. the broad h. with high vault occurring in achondroplasia.
h. of the caudate nucleus the head or anterior extremity of the caudate nucleus projecting into the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle.caput nuclei caudati [NA], anterior extremity of caudate nucleus;
clavicular h. of pectoralis major muscle clavicular part of pectoralis major muscle See pectoralis major muscle.
deep h. of flexor pollicis brevis the head of short flexor of the thumb that arises from the trapezoid and capitate bones and transverse carpal ligaments. It is innervated by the deep ulner nerve, and considered by many to be the first palmar interosseous muscle.caput profundum musculi flexoris pollicis brevis [NA] ;
h. of epididymis the upper and larger extremity of the epididymis.caput epididymidis [NA], caput epididymis, globus major;
h. of femur the hemispheric articular surface at the upper extremity of the thigh bone.caput ossis femoris [NA], caput femoris, h. of thigh bone;
h. of fibula the superior extremity of the fibula, which articulates by a facet with the undersurface of the lateral condyle of the tibia.caput fibulae [NA], upper extremity of fibula;
hourglass h. in congenital syphilis, a skull with depressed coronal suture.
humeral h. the name applied to the heads of forearm muscles that attach to the humerus. Nomina Anatomica lists humeral heads (caput humerale...) of the following: 1) flexor carpli ulnaris muscle (... musculi flexoris carpi ulnaris [NA]); 2) pronator teres muscle (... musculi pronatoris teretis [NA]).caput humerale [NA] ;
humeroulnar h. of flexor digitorum superficialis muscle the head of the superficial flexor of the digits that attaches to both the humerus and the ulna.caput humeroulnare musculi flexoris digitorum superificialis [NA] ;
h. of humerus the upper rounded extremity fitting into the glenoid cavity of the scapula.caput humeri [NA] ;
lateral h. h. of origin farthest from the midline. Nomina Anatomica lists lateral h.'s (caput laterale...) of the following: 1) triceps brachii muscle (... musculi tricipitis brachii [NA]); 2) gastrocnemius muscle (... musculi gastrocnemii [NA]).caput laterale [NA] ;
little h. of humerus capitulum of humerus
long h. the head that has the more proximal origin. Nomina Anatomica lists long h.'s (caput longum...) of the following: 1) biceps brachii muscle (... musculi bicipitis brachii [NA]); 2) biceps femoris muscle (... musculi bicipitis femoris [NA]); 3) triceps brachii muscle (... musculi tricipitis brachii [NA]).caput longum [NA] ;
h. of malleus the rounded portion of the malleus articulating with the body of the incus.caput mallei [NA] ;
h. of mandible the expanded articular portion of the condylar process of the mandible.caput mandibulae [NA] ;
medial h. the h. of origin closest to the midline. Nomina Anatomica lists medial h. of the following: 1) triceps brachii muscle (... musculi tricipitis brachii [NA]); 2) gastrocnemius muscle (... musculi gastrocnemii [NA]).caput mediale [NA] ;
Medusa h. caput medusae
h. of metacarpal bone the expanded distal end of a metacarpal that articulates with the proximal phalanx of the same digit.caput ossis metacarpalis [NA] ;
h. of metatarsal bone the expanded distal end of a metatarsal bone that articulates with the proximal phalanx of the same digit.caput ossis metatarsalis [NA] ;
oblique h. h. of origin which is diagonally situated. Nomina Anatomica lists oblique h.'s (caput obliquum...) of the following: 1) adductor hallucis muscle (... musculi adductoris hallucis [NA]); 2) adductor pollicis muscle (... musculi adductoris pollicis [NA]).caput obliquum [NA] ;
optic nerve h. optic disk
h. of pancreas that portion of the pancreas lying in the concavity of the duodenum.caput pancreatis [NA] ;
h. of phalanx the rounded articular surface at the distal end of the proximal and middle phalanx of each finger and toe.caput phalangis [NA], trochlea phalangis [NA] ;
radial h. the name applied to a head of origin of a muscle arising from the radius. Nomina Anatomica no longer lists any muscles as having radial heads, although formerly a radial head was listed for the flexor digitorum superficialis musclecaput radiale [NA] ;
h. of radius the disk-shaped upper extremity articulating with the capitulum of the humerus.caput radii [NA] ;
h. of rib the rounded medial extremity of a rib which, except for ribs 1, 10, 11, and 12, articulates by two facets with the bodies of two contiguous vertebrae.caput costae [NA] ;
saddle h. clinocephaly
short h. for a muscle with two heads of origin (a "biceps" muscle), the head originating nearest the insertion. See short h. of biceps brachii muscle, short h. of biceps femoris muscle.caput breve [NA] ;
short h. of biceps brachii muscle h. of biceps brachii originating from coracoid process of scapula.caput breve musculi bicipitis brachii [NA] ;
short h. of biceps femoris muscle part of biceps femoris originating from linea aspera of distal half of femur.caput breve musculi bicipitis femoris;
h. of stapes the portion of the stapes that articulates with the lenticular process of the incus.caput stapedis [NA] ;
sternocostal h. of pectoralis major muscle sternocostal part of pectoralis major muscle See pectoralis major muscle.
superficial h. of flexor pollicis brevis muscle the head of the short flexor of the thumb that arises from the transverse carpal ligament and the trapezium. It is innervated by the recurrent branch of the median nerve.caput superficiale musculi flexoris pollicis brevis [NA] ;
h. of talus the rounded anterior portion of the talus articulating with the navicular bone.caput tali [NA] ;
h. of thigh bone h. of femur
transverse h. h. of origin of a muscle which is transversely situated. Nomina Anatomica lists transverse h.'s (caput transversum...) of the following: 1) adductor hallucis muscle (... musculi adductoris hallucis [NA]); 2) adductor pollicis muscle (... musculi adductoris pollicis [NA]).caput transversum [NA] ;
h. of ulna the small rounded distal extremity of the ulna articulating with the ulnar notch of the radius and the articular disk.caput ulnae [NA] ;
ulnar h. the name applied to a h. of origin of a forearm muscle arising from the ulna. Nomina Antomica lists ulnar h.'s (caput ulnare...) of the following: 1) flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (... musculi flexoris carpi ulnaris [NA]); 2) pronator teres muscle (... musculi pronatoris teritis [NA]).caput ulnare [NA] ;
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Pain in various parts of the head, not confined to the area of distribution of any nerve. See also cephalodynia.cephalalgia, cephalea, cerebralgia, encephalalgia, encephalodynia;
bilious h. migraine
blind h. migraine
cluster h. possibly due to a hypersensitivity to histamine; characterized by recurrent, severe, unilateral orbitotemporal h.'s associated with ipsilateral photophobia, lacrimation, and nasal congestion.histaminic cephalalgia, histaminic h., Horton's cephalalgia, Horton's h;
fibrositic h. h. centered in the occipital region due to fibrositis of the occipital muscles; tender areas are present and, commonly, tender nodules are found in the scalp in the lower occipital region.
histaminic h. cluster h
Horton's h. cluster h
migraine h. See migraine.
nodular h. radiating pain in the head accompanied by nodular swellings in the splenius, frontalis, trapezius, and other muscles.
organic h. h. due to intracranial disease.
reflex h. symptomatic h
sick h. migraine
spinal h. h., usually frontal or occipital, following dural puncture; precipitated by sitting up, relieved by lying down; due to leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from subarachnoid space through the site of the puncture.
symptomatic h. a h. secondary to another organic condition.reflex h;
tension h. h. associated with nervous tension, anxiety, etc., often related to chronic contraction of the scalp muscles. See also posttraumatic neck syndrome.
vacuum h. h. due to closure of the frontal sinus.
vascular h. migraine
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A removable extraoral appliance used as a source of traction to apply force to the teeth and jaws.
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foregut
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Head movements associated with congenital nystagmus, spasmus nutans, and miner's nystagmus.head tremors;
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An abnormal position of the head adopted to prevent double vision resulting from underaction of the vertical ocular muscles.
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1. To restore to health, especially to cause an ulcer or wound to cicatrize or unite. 2. To become well, to be cured; to cicatrize or close, said of an ulcer or wound. [A.S. healan]
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1. A physician; one who heals or cures. 2. One who claims to cure by prayer, mysticism, new thought, or other form of suggestion.
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1. Restoring to health; promoting the closure of wounds and ulcers. 2. The process of a return to health. 3. Closing of a wound. See also union.
faith h. a treatment utilized since antiquity based upon prayer and a profound belief in divine intervention in human affairs.
h. by first intention h. by fibrous adhesion, without suppuration or granulation tissue formation.primary adhesion, primary union;
h. by second intention delayed closure of two granulating surfaces.secondary adhesion, secondary union;
h. by third intention the slow filling of a wound cavity or ulcer by granulations, with subsequent cicatrization.
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1. The state of the organism when it functions optimally without evidence of disease or abnormality. 2. A state of dynamic balance in which an individual's or a group's capacity to cope with all the circumstances of living is at an optimum level. 3. A state characterized by anatomical, physiological, and psychological integrity, ability to perform personally valued family, work, and community roles; ability to deal with physical, biological, psychological and social stress; a feeling of well-being; and freedom from the risk of disease and untimely death. [A.S. haelth] From the Old English hal, meaning whole, the term has been variously defined among health specialists. In 1948, the World Health Organization described health as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease." This definition was, in turn, criticized as unquantifiable. In 1984, WHO advanced a revised statement that any measure of health must take into account "the extent to which an individual or a group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment." Health in this sense is seen as a "resource for everyday life." Health also involves an ability to perform within society, and to accommodate stresses, whether physical or mental. From an ecological viewpoint, the relative health of a group is evaluated according to whether that group might sustain its existence over time without major disruption to its own way of life or to the environment within which it functions.
behavioral h. an interdisciplinary field dedicated to promoting a philosophy of h. that stresses individual responsibility in the application of behavioral and biomedical science knowledge and techniques to the maintenance of h. and prevention of illness and dysfunction by a variety of self-initiated individual and shared activities.
h. education process by which individuals and groups learn to behave in a manner conducive to promotion, maintenance, or restoration of health.
mental h. emotional, behavioral, and social maturity or normality; the absence of a mental or behavioral disorder; a state of psychological well-being in which the individual has achieved a satisfactory integration of his or her instinctual drives acceptable to both himself and his social milieu; an appropriate balance of love, work, and leisure pursuits.
public h. the art and science of community health, concerned with statistics, epidemiology, hygiene, and the prevention and eradication of epidemic diseases; an effort organized by society to promote, protect, and restore the people's health; public h. is a social institution, a service, and a practice.
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The federal agency that determines reimbursement for federal programs.
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An institution or group of institutions providing all types of medical care and preventive services to a population.
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A comprehensive prepaid system of health care with emphasis on the prevention and early detection of disease, and continuity of care.HMOs may be nonprofit or profit-making ventures, and along with PPOs and managed care plans have come to define the U.S. health care scene. HMOs generally offer a package of services; however, the choice of physician is frequently limited to those working within the HMO.
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method of describing an individual's chance of falling ill or dying of a specified condition, based on actuarial calculations that allow for known exposure to risk; expressed as expected age at which death or disease will occur, and intended as a way of drawing an individual's attention to the probable consequences of risk behavior.
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Well; in a state of normal functioning; free from disease.
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Noble Sproat, U.S. gynecological surgeon and obstetrician, 1880-1955. See H.'s operation.
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To perceive sounds; denoting the function of the ear. [A.S. heran]
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The ability to perceive sound; the sensation of sound as opposed to vibration.audition;
color h. a subjective perception of color produced by certain sounds.chromatic audition, pseudochromesthesia (2) ;
normal h. acusis
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An electronic amplifying device designed to bring sound more effectively into the ear; it consists of a microphone, amplifier, and receiver.
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A reduction in the ability to perceive sound; may range from slight to complete deafness. See also deafness, threshold shift.
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A hollow muscular organ which receives the blood from the veins and propels it into the arteries. It is divided by a musculomembranous septum into two halves-right or venous and left or arterial-each of which consists of a receiving chamber (atrium) and an ejecting chamber (ventricle).cor [NA], coeur; [A.S. heorte]
armor h. extensive to complete calcification (rarely ossification) of the pericardium usually producing constrictive pericarditis.
armored h. calcareous deposits in the pericardium due to subacute or chronic pericarditis.panzerherz;
artificial h. a mechanical pump used to replace the function of a damaged heart, either temporarily or as a permanent prosthesis.
athlete's h. a more or less loose designation for cardiac findings in healthy athletes that would be or could be abnormal in patients with disease, including atrioventricular blocks, left ventricular hypertrophy and, sometimes, benign arrhythmias and atrioventricular blocks.
athletic h. hypertrophy of the h. supposedly due to systematic athletic conditioning.
beer h. alcoholic cardiomyopathy
beriberi h. h. disease due to thiamine deficiency that may be epidemic or sporadic as characterized by cardiac metabolic damage and myocardial failure, often of the "high output" type, with edema (except in "dry" beri) and polyneuritis. The term is derived from Singhalese, "I am unable."
bony h. the presence of extensive calcareous patches in the pericardium and walls of the h., some of which chronically develop bony changes.
chaotic h. apparently totally uncoordinated cardiac action or rhythm.
crisscross h. an anomaly in which the ventricular relationships are not as expected for the given atrioventricular connection.
drop h. cardioptosia
fatty h. 1. fatty degeneration of the myocardium; 2. accumulation of adipose tissue on the external surface of the h. with occasional infiltration of fat between the muscle bundles of the h. wall.cor adiposum;
frosted h. hyaloserositis involving the pericardium.icing h;
globular h. round h
hairy h. fibrinous pericarditis
Holmes h. a variant of double inlet left ventricle where the ventricular-arterial connection is concordant and the right ventricle is rudimentary.
horizontal h. description of the h.'s electrical position; recognized in the electrocardiogram when the QRS in lead aVL resembles that in V6 and QRS in aVF resembles that in V1; also, loosely, when the electrical axis lies between -30° and +30°.
hyperthyroid h. response of the h. to hyperthyroidism, essentially the result of sympathetic stimulation producing rapid h. rates and ultimately cardiac failure and atrial fibrillation if untreated.
hypoplastic h. a small h., as seen in Addison's disease.
icing h. frosted h
intermediate h. loosely, description of the h.'s electrical axis when this is directed at approximately between +30° and +60°. For cardiac position, recognized in the electrocardiogram when the QRS complexes in both lead aVL and aVF resemble that in V6.
irritable h. obsolete term for neurocirculatory asthenia.
Jarvik artificial h. a pneumatic artificial heart.
left h. the left atrium and left ventricle.
mechanical h. term loosely applied to any mechanical circulatory assist device.
movable h. cor mobile
myxedema h. the enlarged h. associated with untreated severe hypothyroidism, often accompanied by pericardial effusion; rare in modern medicine.
ox h. a very large h. usually due to chronic hypertension or, more often to aortic valve disease.bucardia, cor bovinum;
parchment h. a congenital or acquired condition in which there is thinning of the right ventricular myocardium.right ventricular hypoplasia;
pendulous h. cor pendulum
pulmonary h. the right atrium and ventricle, receiving the venous blood and propelling it to the lungs. See also cor pulmonale.
right h. the right atrium and right ventricle.
round h. abnormally smooth arcuate contours of the heart due either to disease of the ventricles or to a false cardiac appearance produced by excessive pericardial fluid.globular h;
sabot h. coeur en sabot
semihorizontal h. loosely refers to the h.'s electrical axis when this is directed at approximately 0°. As cardiac position, recognized in the electrocardiogram when the QRS complex in lead aVL resembles V6 while that in aVF is small algebraically or absolutely.
semivertical h. loosely descriptive of the h.'s electrical axis when this is directed at approximately +60°. As cardiac position, recognized in the electrocardiogram when the QRS complex in lead aVF resembles V6 while that in aVL is small algebraically or absolutely.
soldier's h. obsolete term for neurocirculatory asthenia.
stone h. ischemic contracture of the left ventricle
systemic h. the left atrium and ventricle, receiving the aerated blood from the lungs and propelling it throughout the body.
three-chambered h. congenital abnormality in which there may be a single atrium with two ventricles or a single ventricle with two atria. Rudimentary parts of the atrial and ventricular septa may be present but are incompetent to prevent a virtual single chamber in either case.
tiger h. a fatty degenerated h. in which the fat is disposed in the form of broken stripes in the subendocardial myocardium.
tobacco h. cardiac irritability marked by irregular action, palpitation, and sometimes pain, believed to occur as a result of the excessive use of tobacco.
univentricular h. an anomaly in which all blood flows through one ventricle or in which the arterioventricular valves are committed to empty into only one chamber in the ventricular mass.
venous h. the right side, including both the atrium and ventricle, of the h.
vertical h. loosely descriptive of the h.'s electrical axis when this is directed at approximately +90°. As a cardiac position, recognized in the electrocardiogram when the QRS complex in lead aVL resembles V1 while that in aVF resembles V6.
wooden-shoe h. coeur en sabot
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A single complete cycle of contraction and dilation of heart muscle.
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pyrosis
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An acute febrile disease of cattle, sheep, and goats in sub-Saharan Africa and certain islands in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans and in the Caribbean, caused by the rickettsial organism Cowdria ruminantium and transmitted by ticks of the genus Amblyomma; some species of African antelope and European and American deer also are susceptible.cowdriosis, veldt disease;
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Dirofilaria immitis
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1. A high temperature; the sensation produced by proximity to fire or an incandescent object, as opposed to cold. The basis of h. is the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules, which becomes zero at absolute zero. 2. estrus 3. enthalpy [A.S. haete]
atomic h. the amount of h. required to raise an atom from 0° to 1°C; approximately the same for all elements (about 6 Cal/gram-atom).
h. of combustion the quantity of h. liberated per gram-molecular weight when a substance undergoes complete oxidation.
h. of compression h. produced when a gas is compressed.
conductive h. h. transmitted by direct contact, as by an electric pad or hot water bottle.
convective h. h. conveyed by a warm medium, such as air or water, in motion from its source.
conversive h. h. produced in a body by the absorption of waves that are not in themselves hot, such as the sun's rays or infrared radiation.
h. of crystallization the quantity of h. liberated or absorbed per mol when a substance passes into the crystalline state.
h. of dissociation the h. (expressed in calories or joules) expended in the dissociation of 1 mol of a substance into specified products.
h. of evaporation the h. absorbed in the evaporation of water, sweat or other liquid; for water it amounts to 540 cal/g at 100°C.h. of vaporization;
h. of formation the h. (expressed in calories or joules) absorbed or liberated during the (hypothetical) reaction in which a mole of a compound is formed from the necessary elements, in elemental form.
initial h. the first burst of h. produced after the beginning of a muscle twitch, described by A. V. Hill.
innate h. in ancient Greek medicine, the h. of the heart sustained by the pneuma and distributed by the arteries throughout the body.
latent h. the amount of h. that a substance may absorb without an increase in temperature, as in conversion from solid to liquid state (ice to water at 0°C), or from liquid to gaseous state (water to steam at 100°C). Cf. sensible h.
molecular h. the product of the specific h. of a body multiplied by its molecular weight.
prickly h. miliaria rubra
radiant h. h. given off from any body in the form of waves, similar to light waves but of greater wavelength.
sensible h. the amount of h. that, when absorbed by a substance, causes a rise in temperature. Cf. latent h.
h. of solution the quantity of h. absorbed or evolved when a solid is dissolved in a liquid.
specific h. the amount of h. required to raise any substance through 1°C of temperature, compared with that raising the same volume of water 1°C.
h. of vaporization h. of evaporation
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Destroyed or altered by heat.
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thermostabile
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A severe and often fatal illness produced by exposure to excessively high temperatures, especially when accompanied by marked exertion; characterized by headache, vertigo, confusion, hot dry skin, and a slight rise in body temperature; in severe cases very high fever, vascular collapse, and coma develop.heat apoplexy (1), heat hyperpyrexia, malignant hyperpyrexia, thermic fever;
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A chronic pulmonary emphysema of horses; symptoms include a wheezy cough and dyspnea, especially when exercised.
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A genus of mushrooms that is a source of gastrointestinal toxins.
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A syndrome characterized by shallow and inappropriate affect, giggling, and silly, regressive behavior and mannerisms; a subtype of schizophrenia now renamed disorganized schizophrenia. [G. hebe, puberty, + phren, the mind]
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Relating to or characterized by hebephrenia.
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William, English physician, 1710-1801. See H.'s angina, nodes, under node, nodosities, under nodosity; Rougnon-H. disease.
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Pertaining to youth. [G. hebetikos, youthful, fr. hebe, youth]
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moria (1) [L. hebetudo, fr. hebeo, to be dull]
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adolescent medicine [G. hebe, youth, + iatrikos, relating to medicine]
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Ferdinand von, Austrian dermatologist, 1816-1880. See H.'s disease, prurigo.
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Denoting a spinal neuron whose axon divides and gives off processes to both sides of the cord; usually the same as a heteromeric neuron.hecatomeral, hecatomeric; [G. hekateros, each of two, + meros, part]
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hecateromeric
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Victor, early 20th century Austrian pathologist. See H.'s pneumonia.
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John W., U.S. dentist, *1923. See H.'s disease.
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Denoting a daily afternoon rise of temperature, accompanied by a flush on the cheeks, occurring in active tuberculosis and other infections; use of the term is based on the appearance of the temperature chart. [G. hektikos, habitual, hectic, consumptive, fr. hexis, habit]
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Prefix used in the SI and metric systems to signfy one hundred (102). [G. hekaton, one hundred]
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One hundred grams, the equivalent of 1543.7 grains.
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One hundred liters, the equivalent of 105.7 quarts or 26.4 American (22 imperial) gallons.
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See pennyroyal.
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Ivy-shaped; a term used for certain sensory endings in the skin. [L. hedera, ivy, + forma, shape]
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Morbid fear of pleasure. [G. hedone, delight, + phobos, fear]
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Prolapse of the intestine through the anus. [G. hedra, a seat, the fundament, + kele, hernia]
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Gustav, Swedish endodontist. See H. file.
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1. calx (2) 2. distal end [A.S. hela]
black h. calcaneal petechiae
contracted h. contracted foot (2)
cracked h. keratoderma plantare sulcatum
grease h. 1. initially, lesions of horsepox occurring in the skin of the flexor surface of the fetlock of the horse; 2. now frequently applied to any weeping, eczematous condition of that area.scratches;
painful h. a condition in which bearing weight on the h. causes pain of varying severity.calcaneodynia, calcodynia;
prominent h. a condition marked by a tender swelling on the os calcis due to a thickening of the periosteum or fibrous tissue covering the back of the os calcis.
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Christian Frederick, Danish ophthalmologist, *1871. See H.'s disease.
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Alfred, German gynecologist, 1830-1914. See H.'s dilators, under dilator, sign.
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Robert M.P., Swiss physician, 20th century. See H.'s anomaly, syndrome; May-H. anomaly.
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Otto, British chemist, 1853-1924. See H. number.
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Rudolph P., German histologist and physiologist, 1834-1897. See H.'s crescents, under crescent, demilunes, under demilune, law, azan stain, iron hematoxylin stain; H. pouch; Biondi-H. stain.
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Vertical measurement.
anterior facial h. (AFH) in cephalometrics, the linear measurement from the nasion to the menton.
h. of contour the line encircling a tooth or other structure at its greatest bulge or diameter with respect to a selected path of insertion.
cusp h. 1. the shortest distance between the tip of a cusp and its base plane; 2. the shortest distance between the deepest part of the central fossa of a posterior tooth and a line connecting the points of the cusps of the tooth.
facial h. the linear dimension in the midline from the hairline to the menton.
nasal h. the distance between the nasion and the lower border of the nasal aperture.
orbital h. the distance between the midpoints of the upper and lower margins of the orbit.
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Karl, Dutch physician, 1869-1914. See H.'s thigh.
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Ernst L., German physician, 1747-1834. See H.-Kreysig sign.
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Harry J., U.S. thoracic surgeon, *1920. See H. maneuver.
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Leopold, German ophthalmologist, 1870-1940.
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Walter, German surgeon, 1834-1901. See H.-Mikulicz pyloroplasty.
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Robert, German pathologist, 1865-1924. See H. bodies, under body, body test; H.-Ehrlich body; H. body anemia.
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Lorenz, German anatomist, 1683-1758. See H.'s diverticulum, valve.
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Referring to cells of the first continuously cultured (human cervical) carcinoma strain. [Henrietta Lacks (d. 1951), whose cervical carcinoma was the source of the cell line]
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See under sign.
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Occurrence of ulcers at the time of a menstruation. [G. helkos, ulcer, + emmenos, monthly]
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Obsolete term for plastic surgery of ulcers. [G. helkos, ulcer, + plastos, formed]
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Hans, German anatomist, 1866-1942. See H.'s bundle, decussation.
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methyl orange
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1. Relating to a helix.helicine (2) ; 2. helicoid [G. helix, a coil]
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Plural of helix.
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1. Coiled. 2. helical (1) [G. helix, a coil]
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A genus of helical, curved, or straight microaerophilic bacteria with rounded ends and multiple sheathed flagella (unipolar or bipolar and lateral) with terminal bulbs. Form nonpigmented, translucent colonies, 1-2 mm in diameter. Catalase and oxidase positive. Found in gastric mucosa of primates, including human beings and ferrets. Some species are associated with gastric and peptic ulcers. The type species is Helicobacter pylori.
H. pylo´ri a recently identified species that produces urease and is associated with several gastroduodenal diseases including gastritis and gastric, duodenal, and peptic ulcers. The type species of the genus Helicobacter.Campylobacter pylori;
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Resembling a helix.helical (2) ; [G. helix, a coil, + eidos, resemblance]
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helicopod gait [G. helix, a coil, + pous, foot]
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A semilunar opening at the apex of the cochlea through which the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani of the cochlea communicate with one another.Breschet's hiatus, Scarpa's hiatus; [G. helix, a spiral, + trema, a hole]
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Louis T., French gynecologist, 1804-1867. See H.'s bundle.
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Inflammation of the brain following sunstroke. [G. helios, sun, + enkephalos, brain, + -itis, inflammation]
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The sun. [G. helios]
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Treatment of disease by exposure to sunshine and fresh air.
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Injury from exposure to sunlight. [helio- + G. pathos, suffering]
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Morbid fear of exposure to the sun's rays. [helio- + G. phobos, fear]
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sunstroke [helio- + G. -osis, condition]
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A form of phototaxis, and perhaps of thermotaxis, in which there is a tendency to growth or movement toward (positive h.) or away from (negative h.) the sun or the sunlight.heliotropism; [helio- + G. taxis, orderly arrangement]
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heliotaxis [helio- + G. trope, a turning]
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A class of protozoans (subphylum Sarcodina) distinguished by stiff radiating axopodia on all sides, usually naked, though some have a skeleton of siliceous scales and spines, but without a central capsule. They are mostly fresh water dwellers, and colonial forms are common. [helio- + G. zoon, animal]
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A gaseous element present in minute amounts in the atmosphere (0.000524% of dry volume); atomic no. 2, atomic wt. 4.002602; used as a diluent of medicinal gases; used as a diluent of oxygen principally in non-medical applications, and in its liquid form as the coolant for super-conducting magnets (as in magnetic resonance imaging). [G. helios, the sun]
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The rare stable isotope of helium (1.37 parts per million of ordinary helium); produced by the beta decay of tritium.
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The common helium isotope, making up 99.999% of natural helium; it is emitted in the form of alpha rays (which are helium nuclei), from a variety of radionuclides.
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1. [NA] The margin of the auricle; a folded rim of cartilage forming the upper part of the anterior, the superior, and the greater part of the posterior edges of the auricle. 2. A line in the shape of a coil (or a spring, or the threads on a bolt), each point being equidistant from a straight line that is the axis of the cylinder in which each point of the h. lies; often, mistakenly, applied to a spiral (the threads on a screw). [L. fr. G. helix, a coil]
310 h. a type of right-handed h. found in small pieces in a number of proteins; has three amino acid residues per turn.
3.613 h. a h
a h. the helical (commonly right-handed) form present in many proteins, deduced by Pauling and Corey from x-ray diffraction studies of proteins such as a-keratin; the h. is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between, e.g., C=O and HN groups (symbolized by the center dot in CO. HN ) of different eupeptide bonds. In a true a h., there are 3.6 amino acid residues per turn of the h.3.613 h., Pauling-Corey h;
collagen h. an extended left-handed h. resulting from the high levels of glycine, l-proline, and l-hydroxyproline present in the collagens. There are 3.3 amino acids per turn of the helix. Three of those left-handed helices form a triple superhelix that is right-handed.
DNA h. Watson-Crick h
double h. Watson-Crick h
pi h. a rare right-handed h. found only in small portions of certain proteins. Stabilized by similar hydrogen bonds as in an a h.; there are 4.3 amino acid residues per turn of the h.
Pauling-Corey h. a h
triple h. the superhelix formed (right-handed) from three individual collagen helices (each being left-handed).
twin h. Watson-Crick h
Watson-Crick h. the helical structure assumed by two strands of deoxyribonucleic acid, held together throughout their length by hydrogen bonds between bases on opposite strands, referred to as Watson-Crick base pairing. See base pair.DNA h., double h., twin h;
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A plant of the genus Helleborus, especially H. niger (black h.). See also Veratrum album, Veratrum viride. [G. helleboros]
false h. adonis
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A toxic glycoside from Veratrum viride (green hellebore); a narcotic.
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A condition resulting from poisoning by Veratrum Helleborus.
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Black hellebore, the dried rhizome and roots of Helleborus niger (family Ranunculaceae); used as a cardiac and arterial tonic, diuretic, and cathartic. [G. helleboros]
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Arnold L.G., German pathologist, 1840-1913. See H.'s plexus.
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Ernst, German surgeon, 1877-1964. See H. operation.
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Dyonizy, Polish pathologist, 1867-1935. See H.'s law.
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Konrad, Swiss pathologist, *1875. See H.'s fixative.
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Hermann L.F. von, German physician, physicist, and physiologist, 1821-1894. See H.'s axis ligament; H. energy, theory of accommodation, theory of color vision, theory of hearing; H.-Gibbs theory; Gibbs-H. equation; Young-H. theory of color vision.
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An intestinal vermiform parasite, primarily nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, and acanthocephalans. [G. helmins, worm]
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anthelmintic (1) [G. helmins, worm, + agogos, leading]
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The vomiting or expulsion through the mouth of intestinal worms. [G. helmins, a worm, + emesis, vomiting]
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The condition of having intestinal vermiform parasites.helminthism, invermination;
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anthelmintic (1)
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helminthiasis
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Wormlike. [G. helminthodes, wormlike, fr. helmins, worm, + eidos, resemblance]
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The branch of science concerned with worms; especially the branch of zoology and of medicine concerned with intestinal vermiform parasites.scolecology; [G. helmins, worm, + logos, study]
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A discrete nodule of granulomatous inflammation (including the healed stage) caused by a helminth or its products, so termed on the basis of certain gross resemblances to a neoplasm. [G. helmins, worm, + -oma, tumor]
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Morbid fear of worms. [G. helmins, worm, + phobos, fear]
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A saprobic fungus, commonly misapplied to isolates of Drechslera, which is usually isolated in clinical laboratories; it has determinant parallel-walled conidiophores.
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anthelmintic (1)
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The only genus of poisonous lizards, such as the Gila monster, so named because of the tubercular scales which cover their bodies. They are native to Mexico and the southwestern U.S. [G. helos, nail, + derma, skin]
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clavus (1) [G. helos, nail, + -oma, tumor]
h. dur´um hard corn
h. mol´le soft corn
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Rarely used term denoting the condition of having corns. [G. helousthai, to become callous]
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Surgical treatment of corns. [heloma + G. tome, cutting]
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Gyromitra esculenta
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Hans K.S., Danish physician, 1847-1901. See H.'s bundle.
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Helweg-Larssen, Hans F., 20th century Danish dermatologist. See Helweg-Larssen syndrome.
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Blood. See also hemat-, hemato-, hemo-. [G. haima]
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The coloring matter of the blood, hemoglobin or hematin. [hema- + G. chroma, color]
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An intensified redness of the blood. [hema- + G. chrosis, coloration]
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hemocytometer
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hemocytozoon
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Contraction of the arteries. [G. haimas (haimad-), a stream of blood, + stenosis, a narrowing]
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hemodromometer
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hemodromograph [hema- + G. dromos, a course + grapho, to record]
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hemodromometer
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A phenomenon manifested by an agent or substance adhering to or being adsorbed on the surface of a red blood cell, as tuberculin (for example) can be adsorbed on red blood cells under certain conditions.
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hemodynamometer
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hemopoietic
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The agglutination of red blood cells; may be immune as a result of specific antibody either for red blood cell antigens per se or other antigens which coat the red blood cells, or may be nonimmune as in h. caused by viruses or other microbes.hemoagglutination;
passive h. a kind of passive agglutination in which erythrocytes, usually modified by mild treatment with tannic acid or other chemicals, are used to adsorb soluble antigen onto their surface, and which then agglutinate in the presence of antiserum specific for the adsorbed antigen.indirect hemagglutination test;
reverse passive h. a diagnostic technique for virus infection using agglutination by viruses of red blood cells that previously have been coated with antibody specific to the virus.
viral h. the nonimmune agglutination of suspended red blood cells by certain of a wide range of otherwise unrelated viruses, usually by the virion itself but in some instances by products of viral growth, the species of erythrocyte agglutinated differing with the different viruses. See also hemagglutination inhibition.
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A substance, antibody or other, that causes hemagglutination.hemoagglutinin;
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Promoting a flow of blood.
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1. An agent that promotes a flow of blood. 2. emmenagogue [hem- + G. agogos, leading]
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1. Relating to the blood or blood vessels. 2. Referring to the ventral side of the vertebral bodies or their precursors, where the heart and great vessels are located, as opposed to neural (2). [G. haima, blood]
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A solution of hematoxylin and alum used as a nuclear stain in histology, especially with eosin as a counterstain.
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Any infection with ameboid forms of parasites in red blood cells, as in malaria.
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Analysis of the blood; an examination of blood, especially with reference to chemical methods. [G. haima, blood, + analysis]
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Dilation of blood vessels. [G. haima, blood, + angeion, vessel, + ektasis, a stretching]
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The blood vessels. [G. haima, blood, + angeion, vessel]
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A primitive embryonic cell of mesodermal origin producing cells from which are derived vascular endothelium, reticuloendothelial elements, and blood-forming cells of all types. [hemangio- + G. blastos, germ]
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A benign cerebellar neoplasm composed of capillary vessel-forming endothelial cells and stromal cells; a slowly growing tumor that affects, primarily, middle-aged individuals; increased incidence in von Hippel-Lindau disease.angioblastoma, Lindau's tumor;
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Hemangioendothelioma in which the endothelial cells seem to be especially immature forms. [hemangio- + endothelium + G. blastos, germ, + -oma, tumor]
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A neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels; in the elderly, may be malignant (angiosarcoma or hemangiosarcoma), but in children are benign and probably represent a growing stage of capillary hemangioma.hemendothelioma; [hemangio- + endothelium + G. -oma, tumor]
h. tubero´sum mul´tiplex an eruption of pinkish papules, caused by hyperplasia of the endothelium of the superficial blood vessels.
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A hemangioma with an abundant fibrous tissue framework.
juvenile h. juvenile angiofibroma
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A congenital anomaly, in which proliferation of blood vessels leads to a mass that resembles a neoplasm; it can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the skin and subcutaneous tissues. See also nevus. [hemangio- + G. -oma, tumor]
capillary h. an overgrowth of capillary blood vessels, seen most commonly in the skin, at or soon after birth, as a soft bright red to purple nodule or plaque that usually disappears by the fifth year. The most common type of h.capillary angioma, capillary h. of infancy, nevus angiectodes, nevus sanguineus, nevus vascularis, nevus vasculosus, superficial angioma;
capillary h. of infancy capillary h
cavernous h. a vascular malformation containing large blood-filled spaces, due apparently to dilation and thickening of the walls of the capillary loops; in the skin, extends more deeply than a capillary h. and is less likely to regress spontaneously.
h. pla´num exten´sum a benign, flat, cutaneous hemangioma of considerable size.
racemose h. cirsoid aneurysm
sclerosing h. a benign lung or bronchial lesion, often subpleural, sometimes multiple, which forms hyalinized connective tissue.fibrous histiocytoma;
senile h. a red papule due to weakening of the capillary wall, seen mostly in persons over 30 years of age.cherry angioma, De Morgan's spots, ruby spots;
spider h. spider angioma
strawberry h. hyperproliferation of immature capillary vessels, usually on the head and neck, present at birth or within the first 2 to 3 months postnatally, which commonly regresses without scar formation.
verrucous h. a variant of the angiomatous nevus, appearing at birth or in early childhood, situated on the lower extremities with bluish-red nodules and warty surface; they enlarge and sometimes have satellite lesions.
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A condition in which there are numerous hemangiomas.
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An uncommon vascular, usually benign, neoplasm composed of round and spindle cells that are derived from the pericytes and surround endothelium-lined vessels; malignant h.'s are difficult to distinguish microscopically from the benign. [hemangio- + pericyte + G. -oma, tumor]
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A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces.
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Pertaining to or containing hemaphein.
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A brown pathologic pigment derived from hemoglobin; said to be a combination of indican and urobilin. [G. haima, blood, + phaios, dusky]
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The presence of hemaphein in the blood plasma and urine.
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hemarthrosis
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Blood in a joint.hemarthron, hemarthros; [G. haima, blood, + arthron, joint]
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A stain made by adding strontium chloride to a solution of hematein and aluminum chloride in citric acid and alcohol; used in histology.
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Blood. See also hem-, hemato-, hemo-. [G. haima (haimat-)]
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hemotachometer
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An abscess into which blood has effused. [hemat- + G. apostema, abscess]
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An oxidation product of hematoxylin.
Baker's acid h. an acidic solution of oxidized hematoxylin used on frozen sections for staining phospholipids.
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Vomiting of blood.vomitus cruentes; [hemat- + G. emesis, vomiting]
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cerebral hemorrhage [hemat- + G. enkephalos, brain]
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hemotherapy
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homeotherm [G. haima, blood, + thermos, warm]
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homeothermic [G. haima, blood, + thermos, warm]
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homeothermic
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hematidrosis
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hemothorax
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1. Relating to blood.hemic; 2. hematinic (2)
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1. A red blood cell. 2. Obsolete term for a cutaneous eruption presumed to be caused by a substance in the circulating blood. [hemat- + -id]
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Excretion of blood or blood pigment in the sweat; an extremely rare disorder.hemathidrosis, hemidrosis (1), sudor sanguineus; [hemat- + G. hidros, sweat]
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hemocytometer
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Heme in which the iron is Fe(III) (Fe3+); the prosthetic group of methemoglobin.ferriheme, hematosin, hydroxyhemin, oxyheme, oxyhemochromogen, phenodin;
h. chloride hemin
reduced h. heme
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The presence of heme in the circulating blood. [hematin + G. haima, blood]
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1. Improving the condition of the blood. 2. An agent that improves the quality of blood by increasing the number of erythrocytes and/or the hemoglobin concentration.hematic (2) ; hematonic;
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Combining form denoting blood. See also hem-, hemat-, hemo-. [G. haima (haimat-)]
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hemobilia
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Any microorganism that is parasitic in the blood, especially an animal form or hemozoon. [hemato- + G. bios, life]
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A primitive, undifferentiated form of blood cell from which erythroblasts, lymphoblasts, myeloblasts, and other immature blood cells are derived; probably identical or closely similar to hemocytoblast and hemohistioblast; in normal bone marrow, present only in small numbers and difficult to identify in smears, inasmuch as h.'s are fragile and easily disintegrated; when marrow is hyperplastic, they may be observed in small groups. [hemato- + G. blastos, germ]
Hayem's h. platelet
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1. hemorrhagic cyst 2. Effusion of blood into a canal or a cavity of the body. 3. Swelling due to effusion of blood into the tunica vaginalis testis. [hemato- + G. kele, tumor]
pelvic h. intraperitoneal effusion of blood into the pelvis.
pudendal h. effusion of blood into the labium majus.
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Intracranial effusion of blood, commonly in a fetus. [hemato- + G. kephale, head]
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Passage of bloody stools, in contradistinction to melena, or tarry stools. [hemato- + G. chezo, to go to stool]
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A green coloring matter derived from hemoglobin obtained from the placenta. [hemato- + G. chloros, light green + -in]
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Presence of blood as well as chyle in the urine. [hemato- + G. chylos, juice, + ouron, urine]
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Accumulation of blood in the uterus and vagina resulting from an imperforate hymen or other lower vaginal obstruction. [hemato- + G. kolpos, vagina, + metra, womb]
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An accumulation of menstrual blood in the vagina in consequence of imperforate hymen or other obstruction.retained menstruation; [hemato- + G. kolpos, vagina]
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1. Percentage of the volume of a blood sample occupied by cells. Cf. plasmacrit. 2. Obsolete term for a centrifuge or device for separating the cells and other particulate elements of the blood from the plasma. [hemato- + G. krino, to separate]
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poikilothermic [hemato- + G. kryos, cold]
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hemorrhagic cyst
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An effusion of blood into the bladder. [hemato- + G. kystis, bladder]
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hemocyte
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hemocytoblast
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hemocytolysis
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hemocytometer
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hemocytozoon
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hemodyscrasia
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hemodystrophy
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hemopoiesis [hemato- + G. genesis, production]
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1. hemopoietic 2. Pertaining to anything produced from, derived from, or transported by the blood.
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hemohistioblast
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globin
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Resembling blood. [hemato- + G. eidos, resemblance]
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A pigment derived from hemoglobin which contains no iron but is closely related to or similar to bilirubin. H. is formed intracellularly, presumably within reticuloendothelial cells, but is often found extracellularly after 5 to 7 days in foci of previous hemorrhage. It occurs as refractile, yellow-brown and orange-red granules, but more characteristically as rhomboid plates arranged in a radial pattern, so-called h. burrs.blood crystals, hematoidin crystals; [hemato- + G. eidos, resemblance, + -in]
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A physician trained and experienced in hematology, i.e., skilled in performing diagnostic examinations of blood and bone marrow, or in treatment of such diseases, or both.
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The medical specialty that pertains to the anatomy, physiology, pathology, symptomatology, and therapeutics related to the blood and blood-forming tissues.hemology; [hemato- + G. logos, study]
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A congenital anomaly consisting of numerous, closely packed, variably sized lymphatic vessels and larger channels, in association with a moderate number of blood vessels of a similar type.
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hemolysis
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hemolytic
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A localized mass of extravasated blood that is relatively or completely confined within an organ or tissue, a space, or a potential space; the blood is usually clotted (or partly clotted), and, depending on how long it has been there, may manifest various degrees of organization and decolorization. [hemato- + G. -oma, tumor]
communicating h. pseudoaneurysm
corpus luteum h. corpus hemorrhagicum
epidural h. extradural hemorrhage
intracranial h. See intracranial hemorrhage.
intramural h. a h. in the wall of a structure, such as the bowel or bladder, usually resulting from trauma.
pulsatile h. pseudoaneurysm
subdural h. subdural hemorrhage
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hemomanometer
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A collection or retention of blood in the uterine cavity.hemometra; [hemato- + G. metra, uterus]
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Examination of the blood in order to determine any or all of the following: 1) the total number, types, and relative proportions of various blood cells; 2) the number or proportion of other formed elements; 3) the percentage of hemoglobin. In some instances, h. is used to include a determination of blood pressure.hemometry; [hemato- + G. metron, measure]
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Umbilical hernia into which an effusion of blood has taken place. [hemato- + G. omphalos, umbilicus, + kele, hernia]
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Hemorrhage into the substance of the spinal cord; it is usually a posttraumatic lesion but may also be encountered in instances of spinal cord capillary telangiectases.hematorrhachis interna, myelapoplexy, myelorrhagia; [hemato- + G. myelos, marrow]
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Formation of porosities in the spinal cord as a result of hemorrhages. [hemato- + G. myelos, marrow, + poros, a pore]
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hematinic
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The division of pathology concerned with diseases of the blood and of hemopoietic and lymphoid tissues.hemopathology; [hemato- + G. pathos, suffering, + logos, study]
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hemopathy
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Deficiency of blood, including hypocytosis or cytopenia. [hemato- + G. penia, poverty]
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Living on the blood of another animal, as does the vampire bat or a leech.hemophagia; [hemato- + G. phago, to eat]
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Subsisting on blood. [hemato- + G. phago, to eat]
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A blood eater, especially bloodsucking insects. [hemato- + G. phago, to eat]
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hemopoietic [hemato- + G. plasso, to form]
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hemopoiesis
cyclic h. an autosomal recessive, inherited immunodeficiency of gray collie dogs characterized by overwhelming recurrent bacterial infections, bleeding, and coat color dilution.gray collie syndrome;
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hemopoietic
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erythropoietin
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Obsolete term for any disorder of porphyrin metabolism, regardless of the cause. [hemato- + G. porphyra, purple]
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3,8-Bis(a-hydroxyethyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethylporphyrin-13,17-bispropionic acid;a dark red, almost purple, porphyrin resulting from the decomposition of hemoglobin; chemical composition is that of heme with the iron removed and the two vinyl (-CH=CH2) groups hydrated to hydroxyethyl (-CH(OH)-CH3).hemoporphyrin;
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Older term used to designate the occurrence of hematoporphyrin in the circulating blood.
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Older term used to designate enhanced urinary excretion of porphyrins.
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hemophthalmia [hemato- + G. opsis, vision]
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A spinal hemorrhage.hemorrhachis; [hemato- + G. rhachis, spine]
h. exter´na hemorrhage into the spinal canal external to the cord, either within or outside the dura.extradural h., subdural h;
extradural h. h. externa
h. inter´na hematomyelia
subdural h. h. externa
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Collection of blood in a tube, often associated with a tubal pregnancy.hemosalpinx; [hemato- + G. salpinx, a trumpet]
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septicemia
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hematin
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1. hemopoiesis 2. Oxygenation of the venous blood in the lungs.
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A spectroscope especially adapted to examination of the blood.
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Examination of the blood by means of a spectroscope.
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A spermatocele that contains blood.
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hemospermia
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1. Variant of hemostatic. 2. Due to stagnation or arrest of blood in the vessels of the part.
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Spontaneous bleeding due to a disease of the blood. [hemato- + G. staxis, a dripping]
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Bleeding in the medullary cavity of a bone. [hemato- + G. osteon, bone]
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homeothermic
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hemotoxin
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Obsolete term for distention of the cervix uteri with accumulated blood. [hemato- + G. trachelos, neck]
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hemotropic
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hemotympanum
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hemotoxin
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A crystalline compound, C16H14O6. 3H2O, containing the coloring matter of Haematoxylon campechianum (logwood), from which it is obtained by extraction with ether. It is used as a dye in histology, especially for cell nuclei and chromosomes, muscle cross-striations, and enterochromaffin cells; its staining properties depend upon its oxidation to hematein and mordanting with chrome and iron alums. It is also used as an indicator (red to yellow at pH 0.0 to 1.0, yellow to violet at pH 5.0 to 6.0).
Boehmer's h. an alum type of h. in which natural ripening occurs in about 8 to 10 days, and the solution is good for many months.
Delafield's h. an alum type of h. used in histology; natural ripening takes about 2 months and the solution is good for years.
Harris' h. an alum type of h. similar to Delafield's h., but which uses chemical ripening to produce oxidation of h. for immediate use.
iron h. unique ferric lakes of hematein that produce deep blue-black stains; useful for studies of cytologic detail, such as chromosomes, spindle fibers, Golgi apparatus, myofibrils, and mitochrondria; also useful to demonstrate Entamoeba histolytica. See also Heidenhain's iron hematoxylin stain, Weigert's iron hematoxylin stain.
phosphotungstic acid h. (PTAH) a stain with broad application in cytology and histology; nuclei, mitochrondria, fibrin, neuroglial fibrils, and cross-striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle stain blue; cartilage ground substance, bone reticulum, and elastin appear in shades of yellow-orange and brownish red; also useful for demonstrating abnormal or diseased astrocytes, often in combination with periodic acid-Schiff stain and Luxol fast blue.Mallory's phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin stain;
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hemozoic
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hemozoon
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Any condition in which the urine contains blood or red blood cells. [hemato- + G. ouron, urine]
Egyptian h. schistosomiasis haematobium
endemic h. schistosomiasis haematobium
enzootic h. a disease of cattle caused by long-term, low-level consumption of the bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) and characterized by hemorrhages or tumors in the bladder.bracken poisoning;
false h. pseudohematuria
gross h. the presence of blood in the urine in sufficient quantity to be visible to the naked eye.
initial h. the presence of blood only in the first fraction of voided urine, usually indicating a urethral or prostatic source of bleeding.
microscopic h. presence of blood cells in uncatheterized urine, visible only under the microscope.
painful h. h. associated with dysuria, usually indicating the coexistence of infection, trauma, calculi, or foreign bodies within the lower urinary tract.
painless h. h. not associated with dysuria, often connoting a vascular or neoplastic etiology.
renal h. h. resulting from extravasation of blood into the glomerular spaces, or tubules, or pelves of the kidneys.
terminal h. the presence of blood only in the last fraction of voided urine, usually indicating a prostatic source of bleeding.
total h. uniform mixing of blood in the entire voided urine, commonly indicating an upper or mid-urinary tract source of bleeding.
urethral h. h. in which the site of bleeding is in the urethra.
vesical h. h. in which the site of bleeding is in the urinary bladder.
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1. The porphyrin chelate of iron in which the iron is Fe(II) (Fe2+); the oxygen-carrying, color-furnishing, prosthetic group of hemoglobin. 2. Iron complexed with nonporphyrins but related tetrapyrrole structures (e.g., biliverdin heme).ferroheme, ferroprotoporphyrin, reduced hematin; [G. haima, blood]
h. a a derivative of h. found in cytochrome aa3.
h. c a derivative of h. found in cytochromes c, b4, and f.
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hemangioendothelioma
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Inability to see as distinctly in a bright light as in reduced illumination; seen in patients with impaired cone function.day blindness, hemeranopia, night sight; [G. hemera, day, + alaos, obscure, + ops, eye]
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hemeralopia [G. hemera, day, + an-, priv., + ops, eye]
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Iron-containing, oxygen-binding proteins in some worms, with molecular weights approximately that of hemoglobin but differing from hemoglobin in that the molecules do not contain porphyrin groups. Oxygenated h. is oxyhemerythrin. [G. haima, blood, + G. erythros, red, + -in]
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One-half. Cf. semi-. [G.]
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One of twin fetuses, in which only a part of the circulation is effected by its own heart, the rest by the heart of the other twin. [hemi- + G. a- priv. + kardia, heart]
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RCH(OH)OR´, a product of the addition of an alcohol to an aldehyde (an acetal is formed by the addition of an alcohol to a hemiacetal). In the aldose sugars, the h. formation is internal and labile, brought about by the 4-OH or 5-OH attack on the carbonyl O, yielding the furanose or pyranose structures; the h. forms of the sugars are involved in all polysaccharides, as glycosyls or glycosides. See also hemiketal, acetal.
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A congenital form of hemihypertrophy of an extremity. [hemi- + G. akron, extremity, + soma, body]
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Loss of taste from one side of the tongue.hemiageustia, hemigeusia; [hemi- + G. a- priv. + geusis, taste]
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hemiageusia
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Pain affecting one entire half of the body. [hemi- + G. algos, pain]
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Analgesia affecting one side of the body.
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Anencephaly on one side only, or involving one side much more extensively than the other.
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Anesthesia on one side of the body.unilateral anesthesia;
alternate h. h. affecting the head on one side and the body and extremities on the other side.crossed h;
crossed h. alternate h
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Loss of vision for one half of the visual field of one or both eyes.hemianopsia;
absolute h. h. in which the affected field is totally insensitive to all visual stimuli.complete h;
altitudinal h. a defect in the visual field in which the upper or lower half is lost; may be unilateral or bilateral.
binasal h. blindness in the nasal field of vision of both eyes.
bitemporal h. blindness in the temporal field of vision of both eyes.
complete h. absolute h
congruous h. h. in which the visual field defects in both eyes are completely symmetrical in extent and intensity.
crossed h. heteronymous h
heteronymous h. attitudinal h. involving the upper field of one eye and the lower field of the other; or a binasal or bitemporal h.crossed h;
homonymous h. blindness in the corresponding (right or left) field of vision of each eye.
incomplete h. h. involving less than half the visual field of each eye.
incongruous h. an incomplete or asymmetric homonymous h.
pseudo-h. a condition in which individual stimuli are seen correctly, but when the nasal visual field of one eye and the temporal visual field of the fellow eye are stimulated simultaneously, one field is blind.visual extinction;
quadrantic h. quadrantanopia
unilateral h. , uniocular h. loss of sight in one-half of the visual field of one eye only.
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Pertaining to hemianopia.
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hemianopia [hemi- + G. an- priv. + opsis, vision]
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Loss of the sense of smell on one side. [hemi- + G. an- priv. + osme, smell]
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Absence of one lobe of a bilobed organ; used especially with reference to the thyroid gland. [hemi- + aplasia]
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Apraxia affecting one side of the body.
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Arthroplasty in which one joint surface is replaced with artificial material, usually metal.
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Asynergia affecting one side of the body.
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Ataxia affecting one side of the body.
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Athetosis affecting one hand, or one hand and foot, only.
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Atrophy of one lateral half of a part or of an organ, as the face or tongue.
facial h. atrophy, usually progressive, affecting the tissues of one side of the face; saber-cut depression on forehead, heterochromia iridis, or bullous keratopathy may be present.facial h. of Romberg, facial trophoneurosis, Romberg's disease, Romberg's syndrome, Romberg's trophoneurosis;
facial h. of Romberg facial h
lingual h. atrophy of one lateral half of the tongue.lingual trophoneurosis;
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hemiballismus [hemi- + G. ballismos, jumping about]
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Ballism involving one side of the body.hemiballism; [hemi- + G. ballismos, jumping about]
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Arrest of the impulse in one of the two main divisions of the left branch of the bundle of His; i.e., in either the anterior (superior) division or the posterior (inferior) division.
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hematic (1)
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1. Either lateral half, including atrium and ventricle, of the heart. 2. A congenital malformation of the heart in which only two of the usual four chambers are formed. [hemi- + G. kardia, heart]
h. dex´tra right side of the heart.
h. sinis´tra left side of the heart.
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Plant cell-wall polysaccharides closely associated with cellulose, such as xylans, mannans, and galactans.cellulosan;
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One of the two lateral halves of the body of the vertebra. [hemi- + G. kentron, center]
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The unilateral headache characteristic of typical migraine.hemicrania (2) ; [hemi- + G. kephale, head, + algos, pain]
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Congenital failure of the cerebrum to develop normally; usually the cerebellum and basal ganglia are represented at least in rudimentary form.partial anencephaly; [hemi- + G. kephale, head]
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A cerebral hemisphere.
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A chemical which interferes with the synthesis of acetylcholine in cholinergic nerve terminals.
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Hemichordata
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A phylum comprised of soft-bodied, bilaterally symmetrical wormlike marine animals with gill-slits to the pharynx and a conical proboscis; a ciliated larval stage resembles that of echinoderms.Hemichorda; [hemi- + Mod. L. chordata, having a notochord, fr. G. chorde, string]
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Chorea involving the muscles on one side only.chorea dimidiata, hemilateral chorea;
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Removal of the right or left side of the colon. [hemi- + G. kolon, colon, + ektome, excision]
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Surgical removal of the lower half of the body, including the lower extremities, bony pelvis, genitalia, and various of the pelvic contents including the lower part of the rectum to the anus. [hemi- + L. corpus, body, + G. ektome, excision]
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1. migraine 2. hemicephalalgia [hemi- + G. kranion, skull]
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hemicraniotomy [hemi- + G. kranion, skull, + ektome, excision]
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Enlargement of one side of the cranium.
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Separation and reflection of the greater part or all of one half of the cranium, as a preliminary to an operation upon the brain.hemicraniectomy; [hemi- + G. kranion, skull, + tome, cut]
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Half desmosomes that occur on the basal surface of the stratum basalis of stratified squamous epithelium.
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Diaphoresis, or sweating, on one side of the body.hemidrosis (2), hemihidrosis;
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1. hematidrosis 2. hemidiaphoresis
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Dysesthesia affecting one side of the body.
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Underdevelopment of one lateral half of the body. [hemi- + G. dys-, ill, + trophe, nourishment, growth]
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Defective development of the limbs on one side of the body. [hemi- + ectromelia]
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Pertaining to one side of the face.
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Excision of the distal one-half of the stomach.
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hemiageusia
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hemilingual [hemi- + G. glossa, tongue]
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Surgical removal of one-half of the tongue. [hemi- + G. glossa, tongue, + ektome, excision]
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A vesicular eruption on one side of the tongue and the corresponding inner surface of the cheek, probably herpetic. [hemi- + G. glossa, tongue, + -itis, inflammation]
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Defective development of one side of the mandible. [hemi- + G. gnathos, jaw]
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Surgical removal of one-half or a lobe of the liver.
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hemidiaphoresis
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A unilateral form of hydranencephaly.
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Hypalgesia affecting one side of the body.
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Hyperesthesia, or increased tactile and painful sensibility, affecting one side of the body.
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Excessive sweating confined to one side of the body. [hemi- + G. hyper, over, + hidrosis, sweating]
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Hemihyperhidrosis.
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Exaggerated muscular tonicity on one side of the body.hemitonia; [hemi- + G. hyper, over, + tonos, tone]
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Muscular or osseous hypertrophy of one side of the face or body.
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Diminished sensibility in one side of the body.hemihypoesthesia; [hemi- + G. hypo, under, + aestheses, sensation]
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hemihypesthesia [hemi- + G. hypo, under, + aistheses, sensation]
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Partial loss of muscular tonicity on one side of the body. [hemi- + G. hypo, under, + tonos, tone]
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A cell nucleus containing a haploid set of chromosomes. [hemi- + G. karyon, nut (nucleus)]
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RC(R´)(OH)OR", a product of the addition of an alcohol to a ketone. In the ketose sugars, the h. formation is from an attack by an internal OH on the ketone carbonyl leading to intramolecular cyclization (furanose or pyranose); the h. forms of the sugars are involved in polysaccharide formation, as glycosyls or glycosides. See also hemiacetal, ketal.
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Removal of a portion of a vertebral lamina, usually performed for exploration of, access to, or decompression of the intraspinal contents. [hemi- + L. lamina, layer, + G. ektome, excision]
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Excision of one lateral half of the larynx. [hemi- + G. larnyx (laryng-), larynx, + ektome, excision]
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Relating to one lateral half.
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A unilateral lesion.
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Relating to one lateral half of the tongue.hemiglossal; [hemi- + L. lingua, tongue]
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Enlargement of half the tongue. [hemi- + G. makros, large, + glossa, tongue]
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Resection of one-half of the mandible.
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Pertaining to a member of the series of insect orders, the Hemimetabola, in which simple or incomplete metamorphosis is found. [hemi- + G. metabole, change]
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Chloride of heme in which Fe2+ has become Fe3+. H. crystals are called Teichmann's crystals, under crystal.chlorohemin, factor X for Haemophilus, ferriheme chloride, ferriporphyrin chloride, ferriprotoporphyrin, hematin chloride;
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Pain in one eye, usually accompanied by hemicrania. [hemi- + G. ops, eye, + algos, pain]
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Conjoined twins that are united laterally at the thorax; the zone of union may also involve the neck and jaws. See conjoined twins, under twin. [hemi- + G. pagos, something fixed]
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Surgical resection of half of the pancreas.
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Weakness affecting one side of the body.
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Amputation of an entire leg together with the os coxae.hindquarter amputation, interilioabdominal amputation, interpelviabdominal amputation, Jaboulay's amputation; [hemi- + L. pelvis, basin (pelvis), + G. ektome, excision]
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Paralysis of one side of the body. [hemi- + G. plege, a stroke]
alternating h. h. on one side with contralateral cranial nerve palsies.crossed h., crossed paralysis;
contralateral h. paralysis occurring on the side opposite to the causal central lesion.
crossed h. alternating h
double h. diplegia
facial h. paralysis of one side of the face, the muscles of the extremities being unaffected.
infantile h. birth palsy
spastic h. a h. with increased tone in the antigravity muscles of the affected side.
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Relating to hemiplegia.
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An arthropod order of the class Insecta that includes many plant lice and other true bugs; those of the subfamily Triatominae are bloodsuckers and of medical importance. The best known species is Cimex lectularius, the common bedbug. [hemi- + G. pteron, wing]
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Surgical removal of a root of a multirooted tooth and its related coronal portion.
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Loss of sensation on one side of the body. Cf. hemianesthesia.
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A lateral half of any septum.
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A spasm affecting one or more muscles of one side of the face or body.
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Half of a spherical structure.hemispherium cerebri [NA], cerebral h. (1) ; hemispherium (1) [NA] ; [hemi- + G. sphaira, ball, globe]
h. of bulb of penis one of the lateral halves of the bulb of the penis that are separated by a median groove on the posterior part of the undersurface.hemispherium bulbi urethrae;
cerebellar h. the large part of the cerebellum lateral to the vermis cerebelli.hemispherium cerebelli [NA], hemispherium (2) [NA] ;
cerebral h. 1. hemisphere 2. the large mass of the telencephalon, on either side of the midline, consisting of the cerebral cortex and its associated fiber systems, together with the deeper-lying subcortical telencephalic nuclei (i.e., basal ganglia [nuclei]).
dominant h. that cerebral hemisphere containing the representation of speech and controlling the arm and leg used preferentially in skilled movements; usually the left hemisphere.
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Excision of one cerebral hemisphere; undertaken for malignant tumors, intractable epilepsy usually associated with infantile hemiplegia due to birth injury, and other cerebral conditions.
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1. hemisphere 2. cerebellar hemisphere [G. hemisphairion]
h. bul´bi ure´thrae hemisphere of bulb of penis
h. cerebel´li [NA] cerebellar hemisphere
h. cer´ebri [NA] hemisphere
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Generic name for certain species of Fungi Imperfecti in which chains of conidia develop from tubular structures that form as the result of a constriction at the end of each of a series of short hyphal branches; close septations divide the contents of the tube into relatively square, thick-walled, deeply staining segments that eventually separate and become rounded, thick-walled spores with rough surfaces. H. organisms occur fairly frequently as contaminants in cultures for other fungi; they are usually regarded as nonpathogenic forms, but there are a few reported instances in which they were apparently the causal agents of disease. [hemi- + G. sporos, seed]
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Rarely used term for excision of approximately one-half of a goiter. [hemi- + L. struma, + G. ektome, excision]
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An amorphous substance found in cell walls.
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1. A condition in which one-half of the body is atrophied or hypertrophied. 2. Unilateral lesion of the spinal cord.
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Contraction of the left ventricle following every second atrial contraction only, so that there is but one pulse beat to every two heart beats.systole alternans;
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Isoprene or a derivative of a single isoprene.
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Loss of sensibility to heat and cold affecting one side of the body.
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One side of the thorax.
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hemihypertonia
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Tremor affecting the muscles of one side of the body.
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A variant truncus arteriosus in which only one pulmonary artery originates from the truncal artery.
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A congenital defect of the spine in which one side of a vertebra fails to develop completely.
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The state of being hemizygous.
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An individual hemizygous with respect to one or more specified loci; e.g., a normal male is a h. with respect to the gene for all X-linked or Y-linked genes in his genome. [hemi- + G. zygotos, yoked]
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hemizygous
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Having unpaired genes in an otherwise diploid cell; males are normally h. for genes on both sex chromosomes.hemizygotic;
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conium
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Combining form denoting blood. See also hem-, hemat-, hemato-. [G. haima]
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hemagglutination
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hemagglutinin
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An antibody that neutralizes the effects of a hemotoxin, such as the hemolytic material in cobra venom.
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Haemobartonella
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feline infectious anemia
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Bleeding into the biliary passages, usually as a result of hepatic trauma or a neoplasm in the liver or biliary tract.hematobilia;
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hemocytoblast
lymphoid h. of Pappenheim pronormoblast See also erythroblast.
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A proliferative condition of the hematopoietic tissues in general.
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Cleansing the blood. [hemo- + G. katharsis, a cleansing]
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Destruction of the blood cells, especially of erythrocytes (hemocytocatheresis). [hemo- + G. kathairesis, destruction]
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Pertaining to or characterized by hemocatheresis.
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The system of blood-containing spaces pervading the body in arthropods. [hemo- + G. koiloma, cavity]
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1. Obsolete term for a cyst containing blood and bile. 2. Obsolete term for nontraumatic hemorrhage or old blood accumulated in the gallbladder. [hemo- + G. chole, bile, + kystis, bladder]
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Hemorrhagic cholecystitis.
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A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by excessive absorption of ingested iron, saturation of iron-binding protein, and deposition of hemosiderin in tissue, particularly in the liver, pancreas, and skin; cirrhosis of the liver, diabetes (bronze diabetes), bronze pigmentation of the skin, and, eventually heart failure may occur; also can result from administration of large amounts of iron orally, by injection, or in forms of blood transfusion therapy. [hemo- + G. chroma, color, + -osis, condition]
exogenous h. hemosiderosis due to repeated blood transfusions; it can progress to pigmentary cirrhosis.
primary h. [MIM*235200] a specific inherited metabolic defect with increased absorption and accumulation of iron on a normal diet; autosomal dominant inheritance, less florid in females; juvenile h. may represent a homozygous state of the same gene.
secondary h. increased intake and accumulation of iron secondary to known cause, such as oral iron therapy or multiple transfusions.
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hemochromogen
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Term originally used for combinations of ferro- or ferriporphyrins with 2 mol of a nitrogenous base, e.g., pyridine ferroporphyrin.hemochrome; [hemo- + G. chroma, color, + -gen, producing]
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Rupture, dissolution (hemolysis), or other type of destruction of red blood cells. [hemo- + G. klasis, a breaking]
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Pertaining to hemoclasis.
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Decrease in the volume of plasma in relation to the number of red blood cells; increase in the concentration of red blood cells in the circulating blood.
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Small refractive particles in the circulating blood, probably lipid material associated with fragmented stroma from red blood cells.blood dust, blood motes, dust corpuscles; [hemo- + G. konis, dust]
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A condition in which there is an abnormal amount of hemoconia in the blood.
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Determination of the freezing point of blood. [hemo- + G. kryos, cold, + skopeo, to examine]
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cytocuprein
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An oxygen-carrying pigment (molecular weights between 0.45 and 13 x 106) of lower sea animals (including molluscs and crustacea) and arthropods; copper is an essential component, but it contains no heme; used as an experimental antigen.
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Any cell or formed element of the blood.hematocyte; [hemo- + G. kytos, a hollow (cell)]
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A blood cell derived from embryonic mesenchyme, characterized by basophilic cytoplasm and a relatively large nucleus with a spongy, loose network of chromatin and several nucleoli; mitochondria are extremely fine and delicate. H.'s represent the primitive stem cells of the monophyletic theory of the origin of blood and have the potentiality of developing into erythroblasts, young forms of the granulocytic series, megakaryocytes, etc.hematocytoblast, hemoblast; [hemo- + G. kytos, cell, + blastos, germ]
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Hemolysis, or other type of destruction of red blood cells. [hemo- + G. kytos, a hollow (cell), + kathairesis, destruction]
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The dissolution of blood cells, including hemolysis.hematocytolysis; [hemo- + G. kytos, cell, + lysis, dissolution]
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An apparatus for estimating the number of blood cells in a quantitatively measured volume of blood; it consists of a glass pipette with an ampulla for collecting and diluting the blood, and a counting chamber marked in squares.hemacytometer, hematimeter, hematocytometer; [hemo- + G. kytos, cell, + metron, measure]
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The counting of red blood cells.
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Fragmentation or disintegration of blood cells by means of mechanical trauma, e.g., compression between hard surfaces. [hemo- + G. kytos, + tripsis, a grinding]
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A protozoon parasite of the blood cells.hemacytozoon, hematocytozoon; [hemo- + G. kytos, cell, + zoon, animal]
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Diagnosis by means of examination of the blood.
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Dialysis of soluble substances and water from the blood by diffusion through a semipermeable membrane; separation of cellular elements and colloids from soluble substances is achieved by pore size in the membrane and rates of diffusion.
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A machine for hemodialysis in acute or chronic renal failure; toxic substances in the blood are removed by exposure to dialyzing fluid across a semipermeable membrane.artificial kidney;
ultrafiltration h. a h. that uses fluid pressure differentials to bring about loss (usually) of protein-free fluid from the blood to the bath, as in certain edematous conditions.
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Blood amylase.
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Increase in the volume of plasma in relation to red blood cells; reduced concentration of red blood cells in the circulation.
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Rarely used term(s) for an instrument for recording the rapidity of the blood circulation.hemadromograph; [hemo- + G. dromos, course, + grapho, to record]
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Rarely used term(s) for an instrument for measuring the rapidity of the blood circulation.hemadrometer, hemadromometer; [hemo- + G. dromos, course, + metron, measure]
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Relating to the physical aspects of the blood circulation.
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The study of the dynamics of the blood circulation. [hemo- + G. dynamis, power]
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An instrument for determining the blood pressure.hemadynamometer; [hemo- + G. dynamis, force, + metron, measure]
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Any abnormal condition or disorder of the blood and hemopoietic tissue, used especially with reference to those resulting in changes in the formed elements.hematodyscrasia; [hemo- + G. dyscrasia, bad temperament]
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Any disease or abnormal condition of the blood and hemopoietic tissues, exclusive of simple transitory changes.hematodystrophy;
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A process, similar to hemodialysis, by which blood is dialyzed using ultrafiltration and simultaneous reinfusion of physiologic saline solution.
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Protozoan flagellates in the family Trypanosomatidae that are parasitic in the blood of many species of domestic and wild animals and birds, and of humans; they include the genera Leishmania and Trypanosoma, several species of which are important pathogens. [hemo- + L. flagellum, dim. of flagrum, a whip]
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A brown pigment derived from hemoglobin that occurs in urine occasionally along with hemosiderin, usually indicative of increased red blood cell destruction; occurs also in the liver with hemosiderin in cases of hemochromatosis.
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hemopoiesis
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hemopoietic
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The red respiratory protein of erythrocytes, consisting of approximately 3.8% heme and 96.2% globin, with a molecular weight of 64,450, which as oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues where the oxygen is readily released and HbO2 becomes Hb. When Hb is exposed to certain chemicals, its normal respiratory function is blocked; e.g., the oxygen in HbO2 is easily displaced by carbon monoxide, thereby resulting in the formation of fairly stable carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO), as in asphyxiation resulting from inhalation of exhaust fumes from gasoline engines. When the iron in Hb is oxidized from the ferrous to ferric state, as in poisoning with nitrates and certain other chemicals, a nonrespiratory compound, methemoglobin (MetHb), is formed.
In humans there are five kinds of normal Hb: two embryonic Hb's (Hb Gower-1, Hb Gower-2), fetal (Hb F), and two adult types (Hb A, Hb A2). There are two a globin chains containing 141 amino acid residues, and two of another kind (beta, gamma, delta, epsi, or zeta), each containing 146 amino acid residues in four of the Hb's. Hb Gower-1 has two zeta chains and two epsi chains. The production of each kind of globin chain is controlled by a structural gene of similar Greek letter designation; normal individuals are homozygous for the normal allele at each loci. Substitution of one amino acid for another in the polypeptide chain can occur at any codon in any of the five loci and have resulted in the production of many hundreds of abnormal Hb types, most of no known clinical significance. In addition, deletions of one or more amino acid residues are known, as well as gene rearrangements due to unequal crossing over between homologous chromosomes.
The Hb types below are the main abnormal types known to be of clinical significance. Newly discovered abnormal Hb types are first assigned a name, usually the location where discovered, and a molecular formula is added when determined. The formula consists of Greek letters to designate the basic chains, with subscript 2 if there are two identical chains; a superscript letter (A if normal for adult Hb, etc.) is added, or the superscript may designate the site of amino acid substitution (numbering amino acid residues from the N terminus of the polypeptide) and specifying the change, using standard abbreviations for the amino acids. There is an exhaustive listing of variant h.'s in MIM where a composite numbering system is used.
h. A [MIM*141800] normal adult Hb (Hb A) with formula a2Abeta2A or a2beta2.
h. A2 [MIM*141850] the normal Hb (Hb A2) of the formula a2Adelta2 or a2delta2, which makes up approximately 2.5% of the total adult h. concentration. At least 18 mutant variants of the delta chain have been reported.
h. AIc the major fraction of glycosylated h.
aberrant h. a mutant Hb that functions abnormally. Cf. variant h.
h. Anti-Lepore a group of abnormal h.'s similar to h. Lepore. These h.'s have normal a chains, but the non-a chain consists of the N-terminal portion of the beta chain joined to the C-terminal portion of the delta chain. This is the opposite crossing over pattern observed in h. Lepore. Examples of h. Anti-Lepore include HbMiyada, Hb PCongo, Hb PNilotic, and HbLincoln Park. There is also one variant that is both h. Lepore and h. Anti-Lepore (HbParchman). Cf. h. Lepore.
h. Bart's [MIM*142309] a Hb homotetramer (all four polypeptides identical) of formula gamma4, found in the early embryo and in a-thalassemia 2; not effective in oxygen transport; does not display a Bohr effect.
bile pigment h. choleglobin
h. C [MIM*141900-0038] an abnormal Hb with substitution of lysyl residue for glutamyl at the 6th position of the beta chain, of formula a22Abeta26Glu->Lys, this type reduces the normal plasticity of erythrocytes. Heterozygotes: Hb C trait, about 28 to 44% of total Hb is Hb C, no anemia. Homozygotes: nearly all Hb is Hb C, moderate normocytic hemolytic anemia. Individuals heterozygous for both Hb C and Hb S (Hb SC disease) and for Hb C and thalassemia are known, and have atypical hemolytic anemias; sickling is enhanced in Hb SC disease.
h. CGeorgetown , h. CHarlem [MIM*141900-0039] two abnormal Hb's, both with the substitution of a valyl residue for a glutamyl residue at the 6th position of the beta chain as in Hb S, and in addition each has a second substitution; both have a second substitution of an asparaginyl residue for an aspartyl residue at position 73 of the beta chain; both types cause sickling of erythrocytes similar to Hb S.
carbon monoxide h. carboxyhemoglobin
h. Chesapeake (HbChesapeake) [MIM*141800-0018] an abnormal Hb with a single a chain substitution, molecular formula a292Arg->Leubeta2A; heterozygotes have polycythemia, apparently to compensate for the increased oxygen affinity of this Hb, resulting in decreased liberation of oxygen in the tissues.
h. Constant Spring an abnormal hemoglobin having an extended polypeptide chain (31 additional amino acid residues) on the a chain (thus, the a chain is 172 amino acids long); approximately 20% of the individuals with Hb H disease also have this defect.
h. DPunjab [MIM*141900-0065] an abnormal Hb with a single beta chain substitution, molecular formula a2Abeta2121Glu-> Gln; heterozygotes are asymptomatic, homozygotes have mild hemolytic anemia; there is an increase in O2 affinity; identical to h. DLos Angeles, h. DNorth Carolina, h. DPortugal, h. DChicago, and h. Oak Ridge.
h. E [MIM*141900-0071] an abnormal Hb with a single beta chain substitution, molecular formula a2Abeta226Glu->Lys, common in Southeast Asia, especially Thailand; heterozygotes are asymptomatic with 35 to 45% Hb E; homozygotes have mild to moderate hemolytic anemia with 90 to 100% Hb E and the remainder Hb F.
embryonic h. See h. Gower-1, h. Gower-2.
h. F [MIM*142200] normal fetal Hb (Hb F) of molecular formula a2Agamma2F, which is the major Hb component during intrauterine life, decreasing rapidly during infancy to reach a concentration of less than 0.5% in normal children and adults; the concentration of Hb F is increased in some hemoglobinopathies and in some cases of hypoplastic anemia, pernicious anemia, and leukemia; Hb F has a weaker affinity for 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate than does Hb A. More than 50 mutant variants of the gamma chain have been reported.fetal h;
h. F (hereditary persistence of) [MIM*142200-0026] a condition due to an allele that depresses synthesis of beta and delta chains (as in thalassemia), but this is fully compensated by increased gamma chain synthesis and there is no anemia; there are 3 types: 1) African type, no beta or delta chain synthesis by the chromosome with the abnormal gene, heterozygotes have 20 to 30% Hb F and Hb A2 slightly decreased, homozygotes form no Hb A or Hb A2; 2) Greek type, reduced beta and delta chain synthesis, heterozygotes have 10 to 20% Hb F and normal Hb A2; 3) Swiss type, heterozygotes have only 1 to 3% Hb F and normal Hb A2.
fetal h. h. F
glycosylated h. any one of four h. A fractions (AIa1, AIa2, AIb, or AIc) to which d-glucose and related monosaccharides bind; concentrations are increased in the erythrocytes of patients with diabetes mellitus and can be used as a retrospective index of glucose control over time in such patients.
h. Gower-1 a Hb of molecular formula zeta2epsi2, found as a minor Hb in the early embryo; disappears by the third month of pregnancy in favor of h. Gower-2 and h. Portland and then by Hb F; the zeta chain has 141 amino acid residues. Synthesis of the zeta chain is deficient in cases of hydrops fetalis. Cf. h. Gower-2, h. Portland.
h. Gower-2 a normal Hb of molecular formula a2Aepsi2, which is a major Hb component of the early embryo; production of epsi chains normally ceases at about the third month of fetal development and is replaced by Hb F. Cf. h. Gower-1, h. Portland.
green h. choleglobin
h. H [MIM*142309] a homotetramer of Hb (all four polypeptides identical) of molecular formula beta4, found only when a chain synthesis is depressed and not effective in oxygen transport. Hb H disease (a-thalassemia intermedia) is a thalassemia-like syndrome in individuals heterozygous for both severe and mild genes for a-thalassemia; moderate anemia and red cell abnormalities with 25 to 35% Hb Bart's at birth, but with Hb Bart's later replaced by Hb H and with Hb A2 decreased. Hb H shows no cooperativity with O2 binding and does not exhibit a Bohr effect.
h. I [MIM*141800-0055] an abnormal Hb with a single a chain substitution, molecular formula a216Lys->Glubeta2A; a thalassemia-like syndrome has been found in individuals heterozygous for both Hb I and a-thalassemia genes, with formation of about 70% Hb I.
h. JCapetown [MIM*141800-0063] an abnormal Hb with a single a chain substitution, molecular formula a292Arg->Glnbeta2A; heterozygotes have polycythemia because of increased oxygen affinity of this Hb.
h. Kansas [MIM*141900-0145] an abnormal Hb of molecular formula a2Abeta2102Asn->Thr; found in association with familial cyanosis due to decreased oxygen affinity of this Hb.
h. Lepore [MIM 142000-various] a group of abnormal Hb's with normal a chains, but the non-a chains consist of the N-terminal portion of the delta chain joined to the C-terminal portion of the beta chain, apparently as the result of nonhomologous pairing and crossing over between the genes for beta and delta chains. The major types are Hb LeporeBoston (identical to Hb LeporeWashington), Hb LeporeHollandia, and Hb LeporeBaltimore, which differ in the region of crossing over (delta87-beta116, delta22-beta50, and delta50-beta86, respectively). Heterozygotes form about 10% Hb Lepore, normal amounts of Hb A2, and moderately increased amounts of Hb F and usually have mild anemia, microcytosis, and hypochromia; homozygotes form only Hb Lepore and Hb F and have severe anemia. Cf. h. Anti-Lepore.
h. M [MIM*142300 & various] a group of abnormal Hb's in which a single amino acid substitution favors the formation of methemoglobin in spite of normal quantities of methemoglobin reductase. Strictly speaking, Hb's M are h.'s with mutations at the proximal or distal histidyl residues. Other Hb's M tend to favor the Fe(III) state. Heterozygotes have congenital methemoglobinemia; the homozygous state of these genes is unknown and is presumably lethal. Specific types include: Hb MIwate, a87His->Tyr (a chain, position 87, histidine replaced by tyrosine); Hb MHyde Park, beta92His->Tyr; Hb MBoston, a58His->Tyr; Hb MSaskatoon, beta63His->Tyr; Hb MMilwaukee-1, beta67Val->Glu.
mean corpuscular h. (MCH) the h. content of the average red cell, calculated from the h. therein and the red cell count, in erythrocyte indices.
muscle h. myoglobin
oxygenated h. oxyhemoglobin
h. Portland a form of embryonic h. containing the zeta chains of h. Gower-1 and the gamma chains of Hb F, thus having the formula zeta2gamma2; essentially disappears by the third month of pregnancy. Cf. h. Gower-1, h. Gower-2.
h. Rainier [MIM*141900-0232] an abnormal Hb of the molecular formula a2Abeta2145Tyr->Cys; heterozygotes have polycythemia because of increased oxygen affinity of this Hb.
reduced h. the form of Hb in red blood cells after the oxygen of oxyhemoglobin is released in the tissues.
h. S [MIM*141900] an abnormal Hb with substitution of valine for glutamic acid at the 6th position of the beta chain; the formula is a2Abeta2S, or, more specifically, a2Abeta26Glu->Val. Heterozygous state: sickle cell trait, no anemia, Hb S 20 to 45% of total, the rest Hb A. Homozygous state: sickle cell anemia, Hb S 75 to 100% of total, the rest Hb F or Hb A2.sickle cell h;
sickle cell h. (Hb S) h. S
unstable h.'s a group of rare Hb's with amino acid substitutions (or amino acid deletions in three types) that alter the three-dimensional shape of the globin in a manner that renders the molecule unstable; they have an increased but variable tendency to auto-oxidation and Heinz body formation and are associated with congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. The unstable beta chain abnormalities include Hb's Genova, Gun Hill, Hammersmith, Köln, Philly, Sabine, Santa Ana, Sydney, Wien, and Zürich; unstable a chain abnormalities include Hb's Bibba, Sinai, and Torino.
variant h. a harmless mutant form of Hb.
h. Yakima [MIM*141900-0301] an abnormal Hb of the molecular formula a2Abeta299Asp->His; heterozygotes have polycythemia because of increased oxygen affinity of this Hb.
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The presence of free hemoglobin in the blood plasma, as when intravascular hemolysis occurs.
h. paralyt´ica azoturia of horses
puerperal h. postparturient hemoglobinuria
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The presence of hemoglobin in the bile. [hemoglobin + G. chole, bile]
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Destruction or chemical splitting of hemoglobin.hemoglobinopepsia; [hemoglobin + G. lysis, dissolution]
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A disorder or disease caused by or associated with the presence of hemoglobins in the blood, e.g., sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hemoglobin C, D, E, H, or I disorders. Occasionally, combinations of abnormal hemoglobins are seen in hemoglobinopathies. [hemoglobin + G. pathos, disease]
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hemoglobinolysis [hemoglobin + G. pepsis, digestion]
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Denoting certain microorganisms that cannot be cultured except in the presence of hemoglobin. [hemoglobin + G. phileo, to love]
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The presence of hemoglobin in the urine, including certain closely related pigments that are formed from slight alteration of the hemoglobin molecule; when present in sufficient quantities, they result in the urine being colored varying shades from light red-yellow to fairly dark red. [hemoglobin + G. ouron, urine]
bacillary h. an acute toxemic disease of cattle caused by the bacterium Clostridium haemolyticum and characterized by severe depression, fever, abdominal pain, dyspnea, dysentery, hemoglobinuria, and rapid death; also occurs in sheep and, rarely, in dogs.
bovine h. bovine babesiosis
epidemic h. the presence of hemoglobin, or of pigments derived from it, in the urine of young infants, attended with cyanosis, jaundice, and other conditions; may be due to secondary methemoglobinemia; also called Winckel's disease.
intermittent h. recurrent episodic attacks of h. characteristic of paroxysmal nocturnal h. or paroxysmal cold h.
malarial h. a condition, now uncommon, resulting from Plasmodium falciparum infection (malignant tertian malaria with severe hemolysis); frequently seen in Caucasians after interrupted treatment with quinine.blackwater fever, hemoglobinuric fever, West African fever;
march h. a form occurring after marathon races, protracted marching, or heavy physical exercise.
paroxysmal cold h. a rare disorder in which acute severe hemolysis follows exposure to cold.
paroxysmal nocturnal h. an infrequent disorder with insidious onset (usually in the third or fourth decade) and chronic course, characterized by episodes of hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria (chiefly at night), pallor, icterus or bronzing of the skin, a moderate degree of splenomegaly, and sometimes hepatomegaly; red blood cells are usually macrocytic and vary considerably in size, but there is no evidence of spherocytosis, erythrophagocytosis, or abnormal leukocytes. The disorder is a result of an abnormality of the red cell membrane which makes the red cell unusually sensitive to lysis by complement.Marchiafava-Micheli anemia, Marchiafava-Micheli syndrome;
postparturient h. a sudden, severe hemolytic disease that appears sporadically in well nourished dairy cows 2 to 4 weeks after calving, and usually occurs in stabled animals in the winter and early spring; the cause is not known, although the disease is often associated with hypophosphatemia.puerperal hemoglobinemia, puerperal h;
puerperal h. postparturient h
toxic h. h. occurring after the ingestion of various poisons, in certain blood diseases, and in certain infections.
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Relating to or marked by hemoglobinuria.
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A complete detailed record of the findings in a thorough examination of the blood, especially with reference to the numbers, proportions, and morphologic features of the formed elements. [hemo- + G. gramma, a drawing]
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A primitive mesenchymal cell believed to be capable of developing into all types of blood cells, including monocytes, and into histiocytes.Ferrata's cell, hematohistioblast; [hemo- + G. histion, web, + blastos, germ]
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platelet
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Obsolete term for leukocyte.
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Blood lipase.
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A concretion in the wall of a blood vessel. [hemo- + G. lithos, stone]
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hematology
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1. The blood and lymph, in the sense of a "circulating tissue." 2. The nutrient fluid of certain invertebrates. [hemo- + L. lympha, clear water]
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Preparation resulting from the lysis of erythrocytes.
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1. Any substance elaborated by a living agent and capable of causing lysis of red blood cells and liberation of their hemoglobin.erythrocytolysin, erythrolysin; 2. A sensitizing (complement-fixing) antibody that combines with red blood cells of the antigenic type that stimulated formation of the h., affecting the cells in such a manner that complement fixes with the antibody-cell union and causes dissolution of the cells, with liberation of their hemoglobin.
a´ h. See a´ hemolysis.
beta h. See beta hemolysis.
bacterial h. any hemolytic agent elaborated by various species of bacteria, or by certain strains within a species.
cold h. Donath-Landsteiner cold autoantibody
heterophil h. a sensitizing antibody that can combine with red blood cells of various species (in addition to those used as the antigen in stimulating the formation of the h.), resulting in hemolysis when the proper amount of complement is present.
immune h. a sensitizing, complement-fixing, hemolytic antibody formed in an animal as the result of parenteral administration of red blood cells or whole blood from another species; immune h. may also be formed in human beings who are transfused with human blood that is antigenic in the recipient, e.g., the formation of anti-Rh antibody in an Rh-negative person who is treated with Rh-positive red blood cells.
natural h. h. occurring in the plasma of an animal of one species, e.g., a dog, which fixes complement with the red blood cells of some other species, e.g., a rabbit, thereby causing hemolysis of the cells of the rabbit, although the dog was not previously exposed to antigenic stimulation with such cells.
specific h. a sensitizing, complement-fixing, hemolytic antibody that reacts totally or completely with red blood cells of the antigenic type used to stimulate the formation of the h.
warm-cold h. h. which combines with red blood cells at temperatures below 20°C and are eluted at warmer temperatures, e.g., 30 to 37°C. See Donath-Landsteiner cold autoantibody, hemagglutinating cold autoantibody.
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The antigenic material in red blood cells that stimulates the formation of hemolysin.
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Alteration, dissolution, or destruction of red blood cells in such a manner that hemoglobin is liberated into the medium in which the cells are suspended, e.g., by specific complement-fixing antibodies, toxins, various chemical agents, tonicity, alteration of temperature.erythrocytolysis, erythrolysis, hematolysis; [hemo- + G. lysis, destruction]
a´ h. h. observed infrequently in blood agar cultures of occasional strains of streptococci; the zone of h. about the colony is not as clear, or wide, or distinctly outlined as it is in beta h.; there are a few apparently intact erythrocytes throughout the zone, but they are more numerous in the immediate vicinity of the colony, and there is no discoloration as there is in a h.; the unique feature is that the zone becomes wider, i.e., the process is stimulated, when the culture is incubated at refrigerator temperatures (not true for beta h.); some strains of streptococci that are a´-hemolytic on horse blood agar cause typical a h. on rabbit blood agar.
beta h. complete or "true" h. observed in blood agar cultures of various bacteria, especially hemolytic streptococci and staphylococci; virtually all of the erythrocytes are destroyed in a relatively wide, regularly circumscribed, circular zone about the colony, thereby resulting in a clear "halo" of transparent agar; the zone of h. is frequently much wider than the diameter of the colony; the degree of change varies with species of erythrocytes, e.g., those of sheep and rabbits are usually more easily hemolyzed than those of man, and so on; the hemolysin acts extracellularly (in the absence of the bacterial cells) and may be quantitatively estimated by means of tube-dilution tests of a bacteria-free filtrate (containing the hemolytic substance) with a suspension of erythrocytes.
biologic h. h. caused by agents elaborated by various animal and plant forms.
conditioned h. immune h
gamma h. a term sometimes used to indicate that there is no h. in relation to bacterial colonies in or on blood agar; thus, nonhemolytic organisms may be referred to as producing gamma h.
immune h. h. caused by complement when erythrocytes have been sensitized by specific complement-fixing antibody.conditioned h;
phenylhydrazine h. (fen´il-hI´-dra-zin) an in vitro test for G6PD deficiency; h. resulting from in vitro addition of phenylhydrazine to blood with red cells which are deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), with the appearance of Heinz-Ehrlich bodies.
venom h. that caused by hemolytic material in the venom of various species of snakes or other venomous animals.
viridans h. See a´ h.
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Destructive to blood cells, resulting in liberation of hemoglobin.hematolytic, hemotoxic (2), hematotoxic, hematoxic;
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The production or occurrence of hemolysis.
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To produce hemolysis or liberation of the hemoglobin from red blood cells.
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A manometer constructed and calibrated in such a manner that it is suitable for determining blood pressure.hematomanometer;
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Blood in the mediastinum.
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hematometra
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hematometry
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Infection of sheep or other ruminants with the nematode Haemonchus contortus.
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Obsolete term for blood in the pelvis of the kidney. [hemo- + G. nephros, kidney]
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hematopathology
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Any abnormal condition or disease of the blood or hemopoietic tissues.hematopathy; [hemo- + G. pathos, suffering]
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Passage of blood through columns of adsorptive material, such as activated charcoal, to remove toxic substances from the blood. [hemo- + L. perfusio, to pass through]
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Blood in the pericardial sac.
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Blood in the peritoneal cavity.
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A serum protein related to beta-globulins, with molecular weight around 57,000, containing 22% carbohydrate; important in binding heme and porphyrins, preventing excretion, and perhaps regulating heme in drug metabolism. [hemo- + G. pexis, fixation, + -in]
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hematophagia [hemo- + G. phagein, to eat]
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The process of engulfment (and usually destruction) of blood cells by the various types of phagocytic cells; used especially with reference to the engulfment of erythrocytes and others of the erythroid series.
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A microorganism growing preferably in media containing blood. [hemo- + G. philos, fond]
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An inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhages, spontaneous or traumatic, due to a defect in the blood coagulating mechanism. [hemo- + G. philos, fond]
h. A [MIM*306900-various] h. due to deficiency of factor VIII; an X-linked recessive condition, occurring almost exclusively in human males and also affecting several breeds of dogs, characterized by prolonged clotting time, decreased formation of thromboplastin, and diminished conversion of prothrombin.
h. B [MIM*306900-various] a clotting disorder resembling h. A, caused by hereditary deficiency of factor IX; also seen as an X-linked recessive condition in cairn terrier breed of dogs.Christmas disease;
h. C h. due to deficiency of factor XI; clinically resembles h. A and B but is transmitted as an autosomal dominant inheritance.
classical h. See h. A.
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A person suffering from hemophilia.
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Relating to hemophilia.
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Any disease caused by bacteria of the genus Haemophilus.
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Morbid fear of blood or of bleeding. [hemo- + G. phobos, fear]
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Blood convection or irrigation of tissues. [hemo- + G. phoreo, to bear]
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A blood-filled eye.hematopsia; [hemo- + G. ophthalmos, eye]
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Anemia resulting from abnormal degeneration or destruction, or a deficiency in the formation of red blood cells. [hemo- + G. phthisis, a wasting away]
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hemopoietic
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Formation or elaboration of blood by the hemopoietic tissues. [hemo- + G. plasso, to form]
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The occurrence of blood and air in the pericardium.pneumohemopericardium; [hemo- + G. pneuma, air, + pericardium]
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Accumulation of air and blood in the pleural cavity.pneumohemothorax; [hemo- + G. pneuma, air, + thorax]
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The process of formation and development of the various types of blood cells and other formed elements.hematogenesis, hematopoiesis, hematosis (1), hemogenesis, sanguification; [hemo- + G. poiesis, a making]
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Pertaining to or related to the formation of blood cells.hemafacient, hematogenic (1), hematogenous, hematoplastic, hematopoietic, hemogenic, hemoplastic, sanguifacient;
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erythropoietin
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hematoporphyrin
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An antibody that combines with and precipitates soluble antigenic material from erythrocytes.
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Protein linked to a metal-porphyrin compound (e.g., cytochromes, myoglobin, catalase).
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The spitting of blood derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as a result of pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage. [hemo- + G. ptysis, a spitting]
cardiac h. h. secondary to heart disease or tachycardia.
endemic h. parasitic h
parasitic h. the clinical expression of paragonimiasis, marked by a cough and spitting of blood from the lungs.endemic h;
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Dilation of the pelvis of the kidney with blood and urine. [hemo- + pyelectasia]
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1. A substance or surface that discourages the adherence of blood. 2. Having such an action.
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The science of the flow of blood in relation to the pressures, flow, volumes, and resistances in blood vessels, especially in terms of blood viscosity and red cell deformation in the microcirculation. [hemo- + G. rheos, stream, flow, + logos, study]
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hematorrhachis
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1. An escape of blood through ruptured or unruptured vessel walls. 2. To bleed. [G. haimorrhagia, fr. haima, blood, + rhegnymi, to burst forth]
brainstem h. h. into the pons or mesencephalon, often secondary to brainstem distortion by transtentorial herniations due to rapidly expanding intracranial lesions.
cerebral h. h. into the substance of the cerebrum, usually in the region of the internal capsule by the rupture of the lenticulostriate artery.hematencephalon, intracerebral h;
concealed h. internal h
Duret's h. small brainstem h. resulting from brainstem distortion secondary to transtentorial herniation.
extradural h. an accumulation of blood between the skull and the dura mater.epidural hematoma;
gastric h. gastrorrhagia
intermediate h. h. that is recurrent.
internal h. bleeding into organs or cavities of the body.concealed h;
intracerebral h. cerebral h
intracranial h. escape of blood within the cranium due to loss of integrity of vascular channels, frequently forming hematoma.
intrapartum h. h. occurring in the course of normal labor and delivery.
intraventricular h. extravasation of blood into the ventricular system of the brain.
nasal h. epistaxis
parenchymatous h. bleeding into the substance of an organ.
h. per rhex´is h. due to the rupture of a blood vessel.
petechial h. capillary h. into the skin that forms petechiae.punctate h;
pontine h. h. occurring in the substance of the pons, typically in hypertensive patients.
postpartum h. h. from the birth canal in excess of 500 ml after a vaginal delivery or 1000 ml after a cesarean delivery during the first 24 hours after birth.
primary h. h. immediately after an injury or operation, as distinguished from intermediate or secondary h.
punctate h. petechial h
renal h. gross hematuria, the source of which is in the kidney.
secondary h. h. at an interval after an injury or an operation.
serous h. obsolete term for a profuse transudation of plasma through the walls of the capillaries.
splinter h.'s multiple tiny longitudinal subungual h.'s typically seen in but not diagnostic of bacterial endocarditis, trichinelliasis, etc.
subarachnoid h. extravasation of blood into the subarachnoid space, often due to aneurysm rupture and usually spreading throughout the cerebrospinal fluid pathways.
subdural h. extravasation of blood between the dural and arachnoidal membranes; acute and chronic forms occur; chronic hematomas may become encapsulated by neomembranes.subdural hematoma;
subgaleal h. collection of blood beneath the galea aponeurotica.
syringomyelic h. h. into a syringomyelic cavity.
unavoidable h. obsolete term for h. occurring during labor in cases of placenta previa, as distinguished from accidental h.
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Relating to or marked by hemorrhage.
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A group of toxins found in certain venoms and poisonous material from some plants, e.g., rattlesnake venom and ricin; h. cause degeneration and lysis of endothelial cells in capillaries and small vessels, thereby resulting in numerous small hemorrhages in the tissues. [hemorrhage + -in]
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Denoting one of the tumors or varices constituting hemorrhoids.
external h. varicose dilatation of a vein of the external hemorrhoidal plexus, usually situated distal to the anal sphincter.
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1. Relating to hemorrhoids. 2. Formerly applied to certain arteries and veins supplying the region of the rectum and anus, currently replaced by "anal" or "rectal."
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Surgical removal of hemorrhoids; usually accomplished by excision of hemorrhoidal tissues by sharp dissection, or by application of elastic ligature at the base of the hemorrhoidal bundles to produce ischemic necrosis and ultimate ablation of the h. [hemorrhoids + G. ektome, excision]
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A varicose condition of the external hemorrhoidal veins causing painful swellings at the anus.piles; [G. haimorrhois, pl. haimorrhoides, veins likely to bleed, fr. haima, blood, + rhoia, a flow]
cutaneous h. hyperplasia of the connective tissue in one or more of the normal radiating folds of the skin immediately surrounding the anus.
external h. dilated veins forming tumors at the outer side of the external sphincter.
internal h. dilated veins beneath the mucous membrane within the sphincter.
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hematosalpinx
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Vomiting of blood and saliva. [hemo- + G. sialon, saliva, + emesis, vomiting]
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A golden yellow or yellow-brown insoluble protein produced by phagocytic digestion of hematin; found in most tissues, especially in the liver, in the form of granules much larger than ferritin molecules (of which they are believed to be aggregates), but with a higher content, as much as 37%, of iron; stains blue with Perl's Prussian blue stain. [hemo- + G. sideros, iron, + -in]
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Accumulation of hemosiderin in tissue, particularly in liver and spleen. See hemochromatosis. [hemosiderin + -osis, condition]
idiopathic pulmonary h. repeated sudden attacks of dyspnea and hemoptysis leading to diffuse pulmonary h., seen most commonly in children; of unknown cause, but some cases may be associated with Goodpasture's syndrome.Ceelen-Gellerstedt syndrome;
nutritional h. a disease seen in black South Africans that results from ingestion of iron in foodstuffs prepared in iron vessels; excessive absorption of iron affects the liver.
pulmonary h. h. usually associated with mitral stenosis and marked by an accumulation of macrophages loaded with hemosiderin within the alveoli.
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The presence of blood in the seminal fluid.hematospermia; [hemo- + G. sperma, seed]
h. spu´ria h. occurring in the prostatic urethra.
h. ve´ra h. in which the bleeding is from the seminal vesicles.
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A blood parasite of the order Haemosporidia. [hemo- + Mod. L. dim. of G. sporos, seed]
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Common term for members of the order Haemosporidia.
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hemostasis
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1. The arrest of bleeding. 2. The arrest of circulation in a part. 3. Stagnation of blood.hemostasia; [hemo- + G. stasis, a standing]
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1. Any agent that arrests, chemically or mechanically, the flow of blood from an open vessel. 2. An instrument for arresting hemorrhage by compression of the bleeding vessel.
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1. Arresting the flow of blood within the vessels. 2. antihemorrhagic
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styptic (2) [hemo- + G. styptikos, astringent]
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bleeding into the pancreatic duct, usually as a result of trauma, tumor, inflammation, or pseudoaneurysm associated with pseudocyst.
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The record produced by hemotachrometer. [hemo + tachos + G. gramma, something written]
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An instrument for measuring the rapidity of the flow of blood in the arteries.hematachometer; [hemo- + G. tachos, swiftness, + metron, measure]
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Treatment of disease by the use of blood or blood derivatives, as in transfusion.hematherapy;
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Blood in the pleural cavity.hemathorax;
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A passion for blood; a morbid impulse to commit murder. [hemo- + G. thymos, desire, anger]
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1. Causing blood poisoning. 2. hemolytic
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Any substance that causes destruction of red blood cells, including various hemolysins; usually used with reference to substances of biologic origin, in contrast to chemicals.hematotoxin, hematoxin;
cobra h. the constituent in cobra venom that hemolyzes the red blood cells of various species.
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The nutritive materials supplied to the embryos of placental mammals through the maternal bloodstream. Cf. embryotroph, histotroph. [hemo- + G. trophe, food]
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Pertaining to the mechanism by which a substance in or on blood cells, especially the erythrocytes, attracts phagocytic cells; the latter change direction and migrate toward the h. cells.hematotropic; [hemo- + G. tropos, direction (or trope, a turning)]
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The presence of blood in the middle ear.hematotympanum;
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Parasitic in the blood of vertebrates; denoting certain protozoa.hematozoic;
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A blood-dwelling parasitic animal such as the trypanosomes or microfilariae of Wuchereria or Brugia.hematozoon; [hemo- + G. zoon, animal]
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Abbreviation for hereditary erythroblastic multinuclearity associated with positive acidified serum. See HEMPAS cells, under cell.
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hyoscyamus
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Lawrence J., U.S. biochemist, 1879-1942. See H.-Hasselbalch equation.
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A species of black yeast capable of producing chronic infections of the nails as well as of the skin of the feet.
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Wilhelm, German anatomist, 1834-1896. See H.'s space.
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Friedrich G.J., German anatomist, pathologist, and histologist, 1809-1885. See crypts of H., under crypt; H.'s ampulla, ansa, glands, under gland, fissures, under fissure, layer, fiber layer, nervous layer, loop, membrane, fenestrated elastic membrane, reaction, sheath, spine, tubules, under tubule, warts, under wart; Hassall-H. bodies, under body.
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The leaves of the Egyptian privet, Lawsonia inermis; used as a cosmetic and hair dye. [Ar. henna]
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Camille, Belgian otologist, 1867-1958. See Hennebert's sign.
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Eduard H., German pediatrician, 1820-1910. See H.'s chorea, purpura; H.-Schönlein purpura, syndrome; Schönlein-H. syndrome.
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goundou [native term on the Gold Coast (Ghana) meaning "dog-nose"]
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Victor, French 20th-century biochemist. See Michaelis-Menten equation.
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James Paget, U. S. physiologist, *1914. See H.-Gauer response.
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William, British chemist, 1775-1837. See H.'s law.
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Joseph, U.S. physicist, 1797-1878. See Dalton-H. law.
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The unit of electrical inductance, when 1 volt is induced by a change in current of 1 ampere/sec. [Joseph Henry]
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K., German internist, *1907. See Krebs-H. cycle.
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Victor, German anatomist and physiologist, 1835-1924. See H.'s canal, cell, disk, duct, knot, line, node, stripe.
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Friedrich W., German anatomist, 1719-1745. See H.'s ligament.
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A family of icosahedral DNA-containing viruses 42 mm in diameter whose genome is circular and mainly double-stranded, and is associated with hepatitis in a number of animal species. The principal genus Hepadnavirus is associated with hepatitis B. [hepatitis + DNA + virus]
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liver, liver [L. borrowed fr. G. hepar, gen. hepatos, the liver]
h. loba´tum a fissured liver, from the scars of healed syphilitic gummas.
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An enzyme that participates in the stepwise degradation of heparan sulfate; heparan N-sulfatase hydrolyzes the sulfate moiety attached to the amino group of the glucosamine residue of heparan sulfate; a deficiency of this enzyme is associated with mucopolysaccharidose IIIA (Sanfilippo's syndrome A).
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heparitin sulfate
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An anticoagulant principle that is a component of various tissues (especially liver and lung) and mast cells in man and several mammalian species; its principle and active constituent is a glycosaminoglycan comprised of d-glucuronic acid and d-glucosamine, both sulfated, in 1,4-a linkage, of molecular weight 6,000 to 20,000. In conjunction with a serum protein cofactor (the so-called heparin cofactor), h. acts as an antithrombin and an antiprothrombin by preventing platelet agglutination and consequent thrombus formation; it also enhances activity of "clearing factors" (lipoprotein lipases).heparinic acid;
h. eliminase h. lyase
h. lyase an enzyme eliminating &Udelta;-4,5-d-glucuronate residues from heparin and similar 1,4-linked polyglucuronates.h. eliminase, heparinase;
h. sodium a mixture of active principles (usually obtained from various tissues of domestic animals) having the properties of prolonging the clotting time of human blood; used in the treatment of angina pectoris, intermittent claudication, coronary thrombosis, and similar conditions.
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heparin lyase
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The presence of demonstrable levels of heparin in the circulating blood.
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heparin
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To perform therapeutic administration of heparin.
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A heteropolysaccharide that has the same repeating disaccharide as heparin but with fewer sulfates and more acetyl groups; accumulates in individuals with certain types of mucopolysaccharidosis.heparan sulfate;
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The liver. [G. hepar (hepat-)]
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Atrophy of the liver.
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Removal of the liver, whole or in part. [hepat- + G. ektome, excision]
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Relating to the liver. [G. hepatikos]
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See hepat-.
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Combined hepaticotomy and choledochotomy.
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Establishment of a communication between the hepatic ducts and the duodenum.hepatoduodenostomy; [hepatico- + duodenostomy]
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Establishment of a communication between the hepatic ducts and the intestine.hepatocholangioenterostomy; [hepatico- + enterostomy]
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Establishment of a communication between the hepatic duct and the stomach. [hepatico- + gastrostomy]
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Removal of a stone from a hepatic duct. [hepatico- + G. lithos, stone, + tome, a cutting]
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The crushing or fragmentation of a biliary calculus in the hepatic duct. [hepatico- + G. lithos, stone, + tripsis, a rubbing]
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hepatopneumonic
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Establishment of an opening into the hepatic duct. [hepatico- + G. stoma, mouth]
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Incision into the hepatic duct. [hepatico- + G. tome, incision]
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glycogen
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Relating to hepatitis.
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Inflammation of the liver; usually from a viral infection, but sometimes from toxic agents. [hepat- + G. -itis, inflammation] Previously endemic throughout much of the developing world, viral hepatitis now ranks as a major public health problem in industrialized nations. The three most common types of viral hepatitis-A, B, and C-afflict over 500,000 people in the U.S. each year, and millions worldwide. Hepatitis B alone ranks as the ninth leading killer in the world. Hepatitis A, an RNA enterovirus, spread by contact with fecal matter or blood, most often through ingestion of contaminated food. Rarely fatal, it cannot be treated except by bed rest for 1-4 weeks, during which time no alcohol should be consumed. It may recur after 3 months. Hepatitis B is shed through blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and saliva approximately 4-6 weeks after symptoms develop; the virus may take up to 6 months to incubate, and people may also become asymptomatic carriers. Hepatitis B may heal slowly, and is a leading cause of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Effective vaccines exist, but it is the fastest spreading form of the disease in the U.S., with some 300,000 cases reported annually. Rates were up 80% from 1981-1986 among IV drug users and up 38% during the same period among heterosexuals; among homosexuals, previously a high-risk group, rates held stable. Hepatitis C, infecting about 150,000 Americans annually, remains in the blood for years and accounts for a large percentage of cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer cases. Its main mode of transmission is through blood transfusion, and possibly sexual intercourse. Types D and E are less frequently seen in the U.S.
h. A viral h. type A
active chronic h. h. with chronic portal inflammation that extends into the parenchyma, with piecemeal necrosis and fibrosis which usually progresses to a coarsely nodular postnecrotic cirrhosis.juvenile cirrhosis, posthepatitic cirrhosis, subacute h;
acute parenchymatous h. acute yellow atrophy of the liver
anicteric h. h. without jaundice.
anicteric virus h. a relatively mild h., without jaundice, due to a virus; the principal physical signs and symptoms are enlargement of the liver, lymph nodes, and often the spleen, together with headache, continuous fatigue, nausea, anorexia, sudden distaste for smoking, abdominal pains, and sometimes mild fever; labratory tests reveal evidence of hepatitis.
h. B viral h. type B
hepatitis C viral h. type C
cholangiolitic h. h. with inflammatory changes around small bile ducts, producing mainly obstructive jaundice; may be due to viral infection or bacterial infection ascending biliary tree because of obstruction.
cholestatic h. jaundice with bile stasis in inflamed intrahepatic bile ducts; usually due to toxic effects of a drug.
chronic h. any of several types of h. persisting for more than six months, often progressing to cirrhosis.chronic active liver disease;
chronic interstitial h. obsolete term for cirrhosis of the liver.
chronic persistent h. chronic persisting h
chronic persisting h. a form of chronic h. that is usually benign, not progressing to cirrhosis, and usually asymptomatic without physical findings but with continuing abnormalities of tests of liver status.chronic persistent h;
h. contagio´sa ca´nis infectious canine h
h. D viral h. type D
delta h. viral h. type D
drug-induced h. hepatocellular damage produced by a drug.
duck viral h. an acute, highly contagious disease of young ducklings caused by an enterovirus and characterized by lethargy, spasmodic paddling and rapid death.
h. E viral h. type E
epidemic h. viral h. type A
equine serum h. an acute hepatic disease of the horse, often associated with prior administration of biological products; neurologic signs and jaundice are usually prominent signs; etiology is unknown.Theiler's disease (2) ;
h. exter´na perihepatitis
fulminant h. severe, rapidly progressive loss of hepatic function due to viral infection or other cause of inflammatory destruction of liver tissue.
giant cell h. neonatal h
goose viral h. an acute, highly fatal disease of goslings and Muscovy ducklings caused by the goose parvovirus and characterized by anorexia, feather loss, and tissue hemorrhages.Derzsy's disease;
halothane h. hepatocellular damage said to result from the administration of halothane anesthesia.
infectious h. (IH) viral h. type A
infectious canine h. a disease of dogs, caused by canine adenovirus 1, and characterized by fever, depression, loss of appetite, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, petechial hemorrhages in the gums, pale mucous membranes, and jaundice.h. contagiosa canis, Rubarth's disease;
infectious necrotic h. of sheep a disease of sheep caused by the bacterium Clostridium novyi, which invades livers damaged by the fluke Fasciola hepatica and causes severe necrosis and death; this disease occurs in nearly all parts of the world, including the U.S. Sometimes called black disease because of the extensive hemorrhages seen on the inner surface of the pelt when it is removed.black disease;
long incubation h. outdated name for h. B based on the longer incubation period (generally 30-180 days, usually 60-90) compared to h. A (15-45 days, mean 30).
lupoid h. jaundice with evidence of liver cell damage and positive antinuclear or LE cell tests, but without evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus; liver biopsies usually show active chronic h. with infiltration by plasma cells, or postnecrotic cirrhosis; serum is negative for h. B antigen.plasma cell h;
mouse h. a form of h. in mice due to synergism between the mouse h. virus and Eperythrozoon coccoides.murine h;
MS-1 h. viral h. type A
murine h. mouse h
NANB h. non-A, non-B h
NANBNC h. abbreviation for non-A, non-B, non-C h.
neonatal h. h. in the neonatal period presumed to be due to a variety of causes, chiefly viral; characterized by direct and indirect bilirubinemia, hepatocellular degeneration, and appearance of multinucleated giant cells; may be difficult to distinguish from biliary atresia, but is more likely to end with recovery, although cirrhosis may develop.giant cell h;
non-A, non-B h. h. caused by two or more infectious agents not detectable by methods that reveal the presence of h. viruses A and B; one cause, now called type C h. has been identified; may follow blood transfusion and is often seen in chronic renal dialysis patients.NANB h;
non-A, non-B, non-C h. (NANBNC h.) h. caused by viral organisms other than h. viruses A, B or C.
peliosis h. a rare condition in which the liver contains very numerous small blood-filled spaces, sometimes lined with endothelium; it may be found incidentally or rupture may cause intraperitoneal hemorrhage.
persistent chronic h. a benign chronic h. that may follow acute viral h. A or B, or complicate bowel diseases; after six months, liver biopsy changes are mild, unlike active chronic h.; rarely, if ever, progresses to cirrhosis, portal hypertension, or liver failure.
plasma cell h. lupoid h
serum h. (SH) viral h. type B
short incubation h. viral h. type A
subacute h. active chronic h
suppurative h. h. with abscess formation; often amebic in origin.
transfusion h. viral h. type B
viral h. 1. h. caused by any one of at least five immunologically unrelated viruses: h. A virus, h. B virus, h. C virus, h. D virus, h. E virus; 2. h. caused by a viral infection, including that by Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus.virus h;
viral h. type A a virus disease with a short incubation period (usually 15 to 50 days), caused by h. A virus, a member of the family Picornaviridae, often transmitted by fecal-oral route; may be inapparent, mild, severe, or occasionally fatal and occurs sporadically or in epidemics, commonly in school-age children and young adults; necrosis of periportal liver cells with lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltration is characteristic and jaundice is a common symptom.epidemic h., h. A, infectious h., MS-1 h., short incubation h., virus A h;
viral h. type B a virus disease with a long incubation period (usually 50 to 160 days), caused by hepatitis B virus, a DNA virus and member of the family Hepadnoviridae, usually transmitted by injection of infected blood or blood derivatives or by use of contaminated needles, lancets, or other instruments; clinically and pathologically similar to viral h. type A, but there is no cross-protective immunity; HBsAg is found in the serum and the hepatitis delta virus occurs in some patients.h. B, serum h., transfusion h., virus B h;
viral h. type C (NANB); principal cause of non-A, non-B posttransfusion h. caused by an RNA virus that may be related to Flaviviridae family.hepatitis C, virus C h;
viral h. type D acute or chronic h. caused by the h. delta virus, a defective RNA virus requiring HBV for replication. The acute type occurs in two forms: 1) coinfection, the simultaneous occurrence of h. B virus and h. delta virus infections, which usually is self-limiting; 2) superinfection, the appearance of h. delta virus infection in a h. B virus carrier, which often leads to chronic h. The chronic type appears to be more severe than other types of viral h.delta h., h. D;
viral h. type E h. caused by an RNA virus or possibly Calicivirus, and is the principal cause of enterically transmitted, waterborne, epidemic NANB hepatitis occurring primarily in Asia and Africa.h. E;
virus h. viral h
virus A h. viral h. type A
virus B h. viral h. type B
virus C h. viral h. type C
virus h. of ducks a disease of very young ducklings, caused by the duck h. virus (family Hepadnoviridae) and manifested as an acute illness of several days followed by death; the principal lesions are an enlarged necrotic liver filled with ecchymotic hemorrhages.
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Conversion of a loose tissue into a firm mass like the substance of the liver macroscopically, denoting especially such a change in the lungs in the consolidation of pneumonia.
gray h. the second stage of h. in pneumonia, when the exudate is beginning to degenerate prior to breaking down; the color is a yellowish gray or mottled.
red h. the first stage of h. in which the exudate is blood-stained.
yellow h. the final stage of h. in which the exudate is becoming purulent.
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See hepat-.
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A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues.
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malignant hepatoma
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Protrusion of part of the liver through the abdominal wall or the diaphragm. [hepato- + G. kele, hernia]
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hepaticoenterostomy [hepato- + G. chole, bile, + angeion, vessel, + enteron, intestine, + stoma, mouth]
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Union of the hepatic duct to the jejunum. [hepato- + G. chole, bile, + angeion, vessel, + jejunostomy]
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Creation of an opening into the common bile duct to establish drainage.
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Inflammation of the liver and biliary tree.
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cytocuprein
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Relating to the gallbladder, or to both liver and gallbladder. [hepato- + G. kystis, bladder]
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A genus of blood-parasitizing hemosporines (family Plasmodiidae) with gametocytes in red cells and cystlike exoerythrocytic schizonts in the liver parenchyma; parasitic in Old World primates, bats, and squirrels, but not in domestic animals or in the western hemisphere. The species H. kochi, a common parasite of African baboons and other monkeys, is transmitted by the biting midge, Culicoides. [hepato- + G. kystis, bladder]
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A parenchymal liver cell.
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hepaticoduodenostomy
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Dysentery associated with liver disease.
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Relating to the liver and the intestine. [hepato- + G. enteron, intestine]
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Away from the liver, usually referring to portal blood flow.
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Relating to the liver and the stomach.
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Of hepatic origin; formed in the liver.
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Radiography of the liver. [hepato- + G. graphe, a writing]
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Rarely used term for congestion of the liver. [hepato- + G. haima, blood]
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Resembling or like the liver. [hepato- + G. eidos, resemblance]
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An apparatus for the quantitative control and measurement of the pressure and force applied over the liver to test the hepatojugular reflux. [hepato- + L. jugulum, throat, + G. metron, measure]
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hepatosplenography [hepato- + L. lien, spleen, + G. graphe, a writing]
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hepatosplenomegaly
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A concretion in the liver. [hepato- + G. lithos, stone]
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Removal of a calculus from the liver. [hepato- + G. lithos, stone, + ektome, excision]
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Presence of calculi in the liver. [hepato- + G. lithiasis, presence of a calculus]
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A specialist in hepatology.
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The branch of medicine concerned with diseases of the liver. [hepato- + G. logos, study]
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A cytolysin that destroys parenchymal cells of the liver.
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See malignant h. [hepato- + G. -oma, tumor]
malignant h. a carcinoma derived from parenchymal cells of the liver.hepatocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cell carcinoma;
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Softening of the liver. [hepato- + G. malakia, softening]
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Enlargement of the liver.megalohepatia; [hepato- + G. megas, large]
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Heavy pigmentation of the liver. [hepato- + G. melas, black, + -osis, condition]
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Umbilical hernia with involvement of the liver.hepatomphalos; [hepato- + omphalocele]
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hepatomphalocele
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Death of liver cells.
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hepatorenal
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Enlargement of both liver and kidney or kidneys. [hepato- + G. nephros, kidney, + megas, great]
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Damaging the liver.
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Disease of the liver. [hepato- + G. pathos, suffering]
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perihepatitis
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Toward the liver, usually referring to the normal direction of portal blood flow.
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Anchoring of the liver to the abdominal wall. [hepato- + G. pexis, fixation]
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Rounded or nodular tumor of the liver. [hepato- + G. phyma, tumor]
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Relating to the liver and the lungs.hepaticopulmonary, hepatopulmonary; [hepato- + G. pneumonikos, pulmonary]
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Relating to the portal system of the liver.
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A downward displacement of the liver.wandering liver; [hepato- + G. ptosis, a failing]
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hepatopneumonic
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Relating to the liver and the kidney.hepatonephric; [hepato- + L. renalis, renal, fr. renes, kidneys]
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Hemorrhage into or from the liver. [hepato- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]
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Suture of a wound of the liver. [hepato- + G. rhaphe, a suture]
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Rupture of the liver. [hepato- + G. rhexis, rupture]
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Examination of the liver. [hepato- + G. skopeo, to examine]
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Inflammation of the liver and spleen.
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The use of a contrast medium to outline or depict the liver and spleen radiographically.hepatolienography;
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Enlargement of the liver and spleen.hepatolienomegaly; [hepato- + G. splen, spleen, + megas, large]
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Disease of the liver and spleen.
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Establishment of a fissure into the liver. [hepato- + G. stoma, mouth]
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Rarely used term for: 1. Treatment of disease of the liver. 2. Therapeutic use of liver extract or of the raw substance of the liver.
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Incision into the liver. [hepato- + G. tome, incision]
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Autointoxication assumed to be due to improper functioning of the liver. [hepato- + G. toxikon, poison, + haima, blood]
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Relating to an agent that damages the liver, or pertaining to any such action.
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The capacity of a drug, chemical, or other exposure to produce injury to the liver. Agents with recognized hepatotoxicity include carbon tetrachloride, alcohol, dantrolene sodium, valproic acid, isonicotinic acid hydrazide.
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A toxin that is destructive to parenchymal cells of the liver.
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A genus of coccidian parasites (family Haemogregarinidae), in which schizogony occurs in the visceral organs, gametogony in the leukocytes or erythrocytes of vertebrate animals, and sporogony in certain ticks and other blood-sucking invertebrates. H. canis occurs in dogs, cats, jackals, and hyenas, but is most pathogenic in dogs, in which it may cause serious disease and death; other species have been described from rats, mice, rabbits, and squirrels. [hepato- + G. zoon, animal]
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4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid;a compound lacking in pharmacological effects and widely used as a biological buffer in in vitro experiments.
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Prefix denoting seven. Cf. septi-, sept-. [G. hepta]
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An insecticide for control of cotton boll weevil. It is a poison which may enter the body via skin contamination, inhalation or ingestion. Because of human toxicity concerns, this chemical has only limited application.
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A septivalent chemical element or radical.
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6-Amino-2-methyl-2-heptanol;a sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor, and cardiotonic.
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CH3(CH2)5CHO; heptaldehyde;obtained from the ricinoleic acid of castor oil by chemical means; used in the manufacture of ethyl oenanthate, a constituent of many artificial essences (flavors).enanthal, oenanthal;
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A peptide containing seven amino acids.
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A sugar with seven carbon atoms in its molecule; e.g., sedoheptulose.
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ketoheptose
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sedoheptulose
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A ketoheptose of the mannose configuration, occurring in the urine of individuals who have eaten a large quantity of avocados.
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Penicillin K.
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Herbert, English ophthalmic surgeon, 1865-1942.
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Feeding on plants. [L. herba, herb, + voro, to devour]
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Ernst F.G., German anatomist, 1803-1893. See H.'s corpuscles, under corpuscle.
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A group of people or animals in a given area. [O.E. heord]
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Transmissible from parent to offspring by information encoded in the parental germ cell. [L. hereditarius; fr. heres (hered-), an heir]
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1. The transmission of characters from parent to offspring by information encoded in the parental germ cells. 2. Genealogy. [L. hereditas, inheritance, fr. heres (hered-), heir]
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Heredity. [L. heres, an heir]
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Refsum's disease
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hereditary spinal ataxia
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Felix H. See d'Herelle.
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A bacterial generic name which has been officially rejected because its type species, H. vaginicola, is a member of the genus Acinetobacter.
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Heinrich Ewald, German physiologist, 1866-1948. See sinus nerve of H.; H.-Breuer reflex; Traube-H. curves, under curve.
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Karl E.K., German physiologist, 1834-1918. See H.'s test, theory of color vision; canal of H.; Traube-H. curves, under curve, waves, under wave; Semon-Hering theory.
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1. In psychometrics, a statistical term used to denote the extent of variance of an individual's total score or response which is attributable to a presumed genetic component, in contrast to an acquired component. 2. In genetics, a statistical term used to denote the proportion of phenotypic variance due to variance in genotypes that is genetically determined, denoted by the traditional symbol h2. [see heredity]
h. in the broad sense the proportion of the total phenotypic variance that can be ascribed to genetic factors of any kind (additive, those due to dominance effects, epistasis and hypostasis, and interactions of all kinds).
h. in the narrow sense the proportion of the total phenotypic variance that can be ascribed to additive genetic variance alone. It reflects the similarity between parent and offspring, and is related to the breeding value so important to commercial breeding.
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The total of all the inherited characters. [O. Fr]
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Gillis, Swedish pediatrician, *1902. See H. syndrome.
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See Padykula-Herman stain for myosin ATPase.
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Friedrich, German anatomist, 1859-1920. See H.'s fixative.
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F. Hermansky, 20th century Czech physician. See H.-Pudlak syndrome; H.-Pudlak syndrome type VI.
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hermaphroditism
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An individual with hermaphroditism. [G. Hermaphroditos, the son of Hermes, Mercury, + Aphrodite, Venus]
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The presence in one individual of both ovarian and testicular tissue; i.e., true h.hermaphrodism;
adrenal h. altered appearance of the genitalia due to disorders of adrenocortical function, most often female virilization; not an example of true h.
bilateral h. true h. with an ovotestis on both sides.
dimidiate h. lateral h
false h. pseudohermaphroditism
female h. more correctly female pseudohermaphroditism, as the term is commonly used; however, it may designate true h., in which overt bodily characteristics are predominantly female.
lateral h. a form in which a testis is present on one side and an ovary on the other.dimidiate h;
male h. more correctly designated as male pseudohermaphroditism, as the term is commonly used; however, it may designate an instance of true h. in which overt bodily characteristics are predominantly male.
transverse h. pseudohermaphroditism in which the external genitalia are characteristic of one sex and the gonads are characteristic of the other sex.
true h. h. in which both ovarian and testicular tissue are present. Somatic characteristics of both sexes are present; also called true intersex.
unilateral h. h. in which the doubling of sex characteristics occurs on one side only: ovotestis on one side and either ovary or testis on the other.
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Airtight; denoting a vessel closed or sealed in such a way that air can neither enter it nor issue from it.
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Protrusion of a part or structure through the tissues normally containing it.rupture (1) ; [L. rupture]
abdominal h. a h. protruding through or into any part of the abdominal wall.laparocele;
Barth's h. a loop of intestine between a persistent vitelline duct and the abdominal wall.
Béclard's h. a h. through the opening for the saphenous vein.
bilocular femoral h. Cooper's h
h. en bissac properitoneal inguinal h
Bochdalek's h. congenital diaphragmatic h
h. of the broad ligament of the uterus a coil of intestine contained in a pouch projecting into the substance of the broad ligament.
cecal h. a h. containing cecum.
cerebral h. protrusion of brain substance through a defect in the skull.
Cloquet's h. a femoral h. perforating the aponeurosis of the pectineus and insinuating itself between this aponeurosis and the muscle, lying therefore behind the femoral vessels.
complete h. an indirect inguinal h. in which the contents extend into the tunica vaginalis.
concealed h. a h. not found on inspection or palpation.
congenital diaphragmatic h. absence of the pleuroperitoneal membrane (usually on the left) or an enlarged Morgagni's foramen which allows protrusion of abdominal viscera into the chest.Bochdalek's h;
Cooper's h. a femoral h. with two sacs, the first being in the femoral canal, and the second passing through a defect in the superficial fascia and appearing immediately beneath the skin.bilocular femoral h., Hey's h;
crural h. femoral h
diaphragmatic h. protrusion of abdominal contents into the chest through a weakness in the respiratory diaphragm; a common type is the hiatal h.
direct inguinal h. See inguinal h.
double loop h. "w" h
dry h. a h. with adherent sac and contents.
duodenojejunal h. a h. in the subperitoneal tissues.retroperitoneal h., Treitz's h;
epigastric h. h. through the linea alba above the navel.
extrasaccular h. sliding h
fascial h. a bulging of muscle through a defect in its fascia.
fat h. a h. in which the tissue protruding out of its normal location is composed only of fat.
fatty h. pannicular h
femoral h. h. through the femoral ring.crural h., femorocele;
gastroesophageal h. a hiatal h. into the thorax.
gluteal h. sciatic h
Hesselbach's h. h. with diverticula through the cribriform fascia, presenting a lobular outline.
Hey's h. Cooper's h
hiatal h. , hiatus h. h. of a part of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.
Holthouse's h. inguinal h. with extension of the loop of intestine along Poupart's ligament.
iliacosubfascial h. a h. the sac of which passes through the iliac fascia and lies in the iliac fossa in contact with the iliacus muscle.
incarcerated h. irreducible h
incisional h. h. occurring through a surgical incision or scar.
indirect inguinal h. See inguinal h.
infantile h. a h. in which an intestinal loop descends behind the tunica vaginalis, having, therefore, three peritoneal layers in front of it.
inguinal h. a h. at the inguinal region: direct inguinal h. involves the abdominal wall between the deep epigastric artery and the edge of the rectus muscle; indirect inguinal h. involves the internal inguinal ring and passes into the inguinal canal.
inguinocrural h. , inguinofemoral h. a bilocular or double h., both inguinal and femoral.
inguinolabial h. an inguinal h. descending into the labium.
inguinoscrotal h. an inguinal h. descending into the scrotum.
inguinosuperficial h. an inguinal h. that has turned cephalad away from the scrotum and lies subcutaneously on the abdominal wall.
internal h. protrusion of an intraperitoneal viscus into a compartment within the abdominal cavity.
intersigmoid h. a h. into the intersigmoid fossa on the under surface of the root of the mesosigmoid near the inner border of the psoas magnus muscle.
interstitial h. a h. in which the protrusion is between any two of the layers of the abdominal wall.
intraepiploic h. a coil of intestine incarcerated in an omental sac.
intrailiac h. an interstitial h. projecting from the internal inguinal ring.
intrapelvic h. an interstitial h. projecting into the pelvis from the internal inguinal ring.
irreducible h. a h. that cannot be reduced without operation.incarcerated h;
ischiatic h. a h. through the sacrosciatic foramen.
Krönlein's h. properitoneal inguinal h
labial h. h. through the canal of Nuck.
lateral ventral h. spigelian h
Laugier's h. a h. passing through an opening in the lacunar ligament.
levator h. perineal h
Littré's h. 1. parietal h 2. h. of Meckel's diverticulum.
lumbar h. a protrusion between the last rib and the iliac crest where the aponeurosis of the transversus muscle is covered only by the latissimus dorsi.
Malgaigne's h. infantile inguinal h. prior to the descent of the testis.
meningeal h. herniation of meninges through a spina bifida.
mesenteric h. h. through a hole in the mesentery.
obturator h. h. through the obturator foramen.
orbital h. displacement of orbital fat through a defect in the orbital septum or Tenon's capsule into the subcutaneous tissues of the eyelid or subconjunctivally.
pannicular h. the escape of subcutaneous fat through a gap in a fascia or an aponeurosis.fatty h;
pantaloon h. an inguinal h. that involves both an indirect and a direct component.
paraduodenal h. a type of internal h., resulting from abnormal or incomplete midgut rotation, which involves one of several paraduodenal spaces.
paraesophageal h. a non-sliding hernia through or adjacent to the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm; most commonly contains stomach and other abdominal viscera.
parahiatal h. a h. through the diaphragm that occurs at a point separate from the esophageal hiatus.
paraperitoneal h. a vesical h. in which only a part of the protruded organ is covered by the peritoneum of the sac.
parasaccular h. sliding h
parasternal h. Morgagni's foramen (2)
parietal h. a h. in which only a portion of the wall of the intestine is engaged.Littré's h. (1), partial enterocele, Richter's h;
perineal h. a h. protruding through the pelvic diaphragm.levator h., pudendal h;
Petit's h. lumbar h., occurring in Petit's triangle.
posterior vaginal h. downward displacement of Douglas' pouch.
properitoneal inguinal h. a complicated h. having a double sac, one part in the inguinal canal, the other projecting from the internal inguinal ring in the subperitoneal tissues.h. en bissac, Krönlein's h;
pudendal h. perineal h
reducible h. a h. in which the contents of the sac can be returned to their normal location.
retrograde h. a double loop h. the central loop of which lies in the abdominal cavity.
retroperitoneal h. duodenojejunal h
retropubic h. a h. projecting downward, in the subperitoneal tissues, from the internal inguinal ring.
retrosternal h. a diaphragmatic h. protruding through Morgagni's foramen.
Richter's h. parietal h
Rokitansky's h. a separation of the muscular fibers of the bowel allowing protrusion of a sac of the mucous membrane.
sciatic h. protrusion of intestine through the great sacrosciatic foramen.gluteal h., ischiocele;
scrotal h. complete inguinal h., located in the scrotum.
sliding h. a h. in which an abdominal viscus forms part of the sac.extrasaccular h., parasaccular h., slipped h;
sliding esophageal hiatal h. displacement of the cardioesophageal junction and the stomach through the esophageal hiatus.
sliding hiatal h. a h. of the esophagus through the diaphragm into the posterior mediastinum, with partial peritoneal sac anteriorly.
slipped h. sliding h
spigelian h. abdominal h. through the semilunar line.lateral ventral h;
strangulated h. an irreducible h. in which the circulation is arrested; gangrene occurs unless relief is prompt.
synovial h. protrusion of a fold of the stratum synoviale through a rent in the stratum fibrosum of a joint capsule.
Treitz's h. duodenojejunal h
umbilical h. a h. in which bowel or omentum protrudes through the abdominal wall under the skin at the umbilicus. See also omphalocele.exomphalos (2), exumbilication (2) ;
h. uteri inguinale persistent müllerian duct syndrome
Velpeau's h. femoral h. in which the intestine is in front of the blood vessels.
ventral h. an abdominal incisional h.
vesicle h. protrusion of a segment of the bladder through the abdominal wall or into the inguinal canal and into the scrotum.
vitreous h. prolapse of the vitreous humor into the anterior chamber; may follow removal or displacement of the lens from the lenticular space.
"w" h. the presence of two loops of intestine in a hernial sac.double loop h;
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Relating to hernia.
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Denoting any structure protruded through a hernial opening.
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Formation of a protrusion.
caudal transtentorial h. displacement of medial temporal structures through the incisura, with or without rostrocaudal brainstem shift.uncal h;
cingulate h. displacement of the cingulate gyrus beneath the falx.
foraminal h. displacement of cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum.
rostral transtentorial h. displacement of anterior cerebellar structures through the incisura, with or without caudorostral brainstem shift.
sphenoidal h. displacement of ventral frontal lobar tissue over the sphenoid ridge.
subfalcial h. h. beneath the falx cerebri; usually of the cingulate gyrus.
tonsillar h. h. of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum.
transtentorial h. h. into the incisura, either from above (rostral h.) or below (caudal h.).
uncal h. caudal transtentorial h
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A hernia. [L. hernia, rupture]
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Incision of the intestine following the reduction of a hernia.
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Radiographic examination of a hernia following injection of a contrast medium into the hernial sac. [hernia + G. grapho, to write]
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Resembling hernia. [hernio- + G. eidos, resemblance]
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Laparotomy for correction of hernia.
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herniorrhaphy [hernio- + G. plastos, formed]
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Insertion of a hollow needle into a hernia in order to reduce the size of the tumor by withdrawing gas or liquid.
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Surgical repair of a hernia.hernioplasty; [hernio- + G. rhaphe, a seam]
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hernia knife
Cooper's h. a slender bistoury with short cutting edge for dividing the constricting tissues at the neck of a hernial sac.
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Surgical division of the constriction or strangulation of a hernia, often followed by herniorrhaphy. [hernio- + G. tome, a cutting]
Petit's h. h. without incision into the sac.
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Denoting an aggressive, daring procedure in a dangerously ill patient which in itself may endanger the patient but which also has a possibility of being successful, whereas lesser action would result in failure. [G. heroikos, pertaining to a hero]
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An alkaloid, C17H17(OC2H3O)2ON, prepared from morphine by acetylation; formerly used for the relief of cough. Except for research, its use in the United States is prohibited by Federal law because of its potential for abuse.diacetylmorphine;
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Greek physician and anatomist of the Alexandrian school, circa 300 B.C. See torcular herophili.
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A disease caused by types of coxsackievirus and marked by vesiculopapular lesions about 1 to 2 mm in diameter which are present around the fauces and soon break down to form grayish yellow ulcers; accompanied by sudden onset of fever, loss of appetite, dysphagia, pharyngitis, and sometimes abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. [G. herpes, vesicular eruption, + L. angina, quinsy, fr. ango, to strangle]
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An inflammatory skin disease caused by herpesvirus; an eruption of groups of deep-seated vesicles on erythematous bases.serpigo (2) ; [G. herpes, a spreading skin eruption, shingles, fr. herpo, to creep]
h. catarrha´lis h. simplex
h. circina´tus bullo´sus dermatitis herpetiformis
h. cor´neae herpetic keratitis
h. desqua´mans tinea imbricata
h. digita´lis herpes simplex infection of the finger.
h. facia´lis h. simplex
h. febri´lis h. simplex
h. generalisa´tus generalized h. simplex virus infection.
h. genita´lis , genital h. herpes simplex infection on the genitals, most commonly herpes simplex-1 virus.
h. gestatio´nis a polymorphous, bullous eruption, more common on the extremities than on the trunk, with the appearance of pemphigoid or dermatitis herpetiformis; beginning in the second or third trimester, flaring about the time of delivery and subsequently resolving; usually recurrent during subsequent pregnancy; etiology is unknown.hydroa gestationis;
h. gladiato´rum h. simplex infection associated with trauma to cutaneous tissue.
h. i´ris 1. erythema iris 2. erythema multiforme
h. labia´lis h. simplex
neonatal h. herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 infection transmitted from the mother to the newborn infant, often during passage through an infected birth canal; severity varies from mild to fatal generalized infection, the latter especially with primary maternal genital h.
h. progenita´lis genital h. infection caused by h. simplex virus.
h. sim´plex a variety of infections caused by herpesvirus types 1 and 2; type 1 infections are marked most commonly by the eruption of one or more groups of vesicles on the vermilion border of the lips or at the external nares, type 2 by such lesions on the genitalia; both types often are recrudescent and reappear during other febrile illnesses or even physiologic states such as menstruation.h. catarrhalis, h. facialis, h. febrilis, h. labialis, hydroa febrile;
traumatic h. h. simplex infection at the site of trauma or of a burn, sometimes accompanied by temperature elevation and malaise.
h. whitlow h. simplex inflammation at base of fingernail.
h. zos´ter an infection caused by a herpesvirus (varicella-zoster virus), characterized by an eruption of groups of vesicles on one side of the body following the course of a nerve due to inflammation of ganglia and dorsal nerve roots resulting from activation of the virus which in many instances has remained latent for years; the condition is self-limited but may be accompanied by or followed by severe postherpetic pain.shingles, zona ignea, zona serpiginosa, zona (2), zoster;
h. zos´ter ophthal´micus a herpetic involvement of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve, which may lead to corneal ulceration.
h. zos´ter o´ticus a painful varicella virus infection presenting with a vesicular eruption on the pinna, with or without facial nerve paralysis.geniculate zoster, Ramsay Hunt's syndrome (2) ;
h. zos´ter varicello´sus h. zoster associated with disseminated varicelliform lesions.
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A heterogeneous family of morphologically similar viruses, all of which contain double-stranded DNA and which infect man and a wide variety of other vertebrates. Infections produce type A inclusion bodies; in many instances, infection may remain latent for many years, even in the presence of specific circulating antibodies. Virions are enveloped, ether-sensitive, and vary up to 200 nm in diameter; the nucleocapsids are 100 nm in diameter and of icosahedral symmetry, with 162 capsomeres. The family includes herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, and EB virus (all of which infect humans), pseudorabies virus of swine, equine rhinopneumonitis virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, canine herpesvirus, B virus of Old World monkeys, several viruses of New World monkeys, virus III of rabbits, infectious laryngotracheitis virus of fowl, Marek's disease virus of chickens, Lucké tumor virus of frogs, and many others.
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Any virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae.
alcelaphine h. 1 a virus causing malignant catarrhal fever in cattle and some wild ruminants (deer, buffalo, antelope).
anatid h. 1 a virus causing duck plague in ducks, geese, swans, and other waterfowl.
avian h. 1 a virus causing avian infectious laryngotracheitis in chickens.
avian h. 2 a virus causing Marek's disease in chickens.
bovine h. 1 a virus causing infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in cattle.
bovine h. 2 a virus causing bovine mammillitis in cattle.
canine h. a h. causing an upper respiratory tract infection which becomes generalized in puppies under 1 week of age, terminating invariably in death; infection is milder in older puppies and asymptomatic in adult dogs; the latter may become convalescent viral shedders.
caprine h. a h. that causes a severe generalized and fatal infection of newborn kids, characterized by fever, depression, inappetence, and mild to severe enteritis; the infection in adult goats is clinically mild, with abortion a frequent sequela.
equine h. 3 a virus causing equine coital exanthema in horses.
equine h. 4 a virus causing equine rhinopneumonitis in horses.
human h. 1 herpes simplex virus, type 1. See herpes simplex.
human h. 2 herpes simplex virus, type 2. See herpes simplex.
human h. 3 varicella-zoster virus
human h. 4 Epstein-Barr virus
human h. 5 cytomegalovirus
human h. 6 a recently discovered human herpesvirus that was found in certain lymphoproliferative disorders, replicate in a number of different types of leukocytes, and is associated with the childhood disease roseola (exanthema subitum).
human h. 7 this virus has recently been discovered in association with human lymphocytes; however, a causal relationship to any known disease has not been determined.
porcine h. 1 a virus causing pseudorabies in swine and many other mammalian species including horses, cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, and cats.
porcine h. 2 a virus causing inclusion body rhinitis in pigs.
suid h. the causative agent of pseudorabies.
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1. Relating to or characterized by herpes. 2. Relating to or caused by a herpetovirus or herpesvirus.
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Resembling herpes.
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One who specializes in herpetology.
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The branch of zoology concerned with the study of reptiles and amphibians.
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A genus of asexual monogenetic flagellates (family Trypanosomatidae) that are strictly insect parasites, with a variety of body forms including promastigote (leptomad), epimastigote (crithidial), amastigote (leishmanial), and trypomastigote (trypanosome-like); infective forms are passed in the host feces. H. muscae domesticae, the type species, is found in the common housefly. [G. herpeton, a reptile (fr. herpo, to creep), + monas, unit (one of the Monadidae)]
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Obsolete term for Herpesviridae.
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Obsolete term for herpesvirus.
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Obsolete name for a virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. See also herpesvirus.
canine h. obsolete term for canine herpesvirus.
caprine h. obsolete term for caprine herpesvirus.
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Percy T., English physiologist, 1872-1967. See H. bodies, under body.
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C., Jr., 20th century. See H.'s syndrome.
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G., French biochemist. See H.'s disease.
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Separating the individual fibers of a nerve trunk. [Fr. (from L. hirpex, a large rake), a harrowing]
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Richard, German zoologist, 1850-1937. See Magendie-H. sign, syndrome.
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Wilhelm A.O., German embryologist, 1849-1922. See H.'s sheath.
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Heinrich R., German physicist, 1857-1894. See hertz; hertzian experiments, under experiment.
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A unit of frequency equivalent to 1 cycle per second; this term should not be used for radial (circular) frequency or for angular velocity, in which cases the term sec-1 should be used. [H.R. Hertz]
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Attributed to or described by Heinrich R. Hertz.
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Karl, German dermatologist, 1861-1944. See H.'s reaction; Jarisch-H. reaction.
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Cardiac systole characterized by a diffuse precordial heave with or without any definite point of maximal impulse. [Ger. heart thrust]
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Richard L., Austrian pathologist, 1824-1881. See H.'s gyri, under gyrus.
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An involuntary delay or inability in starting the urinary stream.
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Hesperetin 7-rutinoside; hesperetin 7-rhamnoglucoside;a flavone diglycoside obtained from unripe citrus fruit, which reputedly possesses vitamin P activity.cirantin;
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Alfred F., U.S. physician, 1875-1933. See H.'s test.
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Walter R., Swiss physiologist and Nobel laureate, 1881-1973. See trophotropic zone of H.
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Carl von, German ophthalmologist, 1863-1923. See H. screen.
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Franz K., German anatomist and surgeon, 1759-1816. See H.'s fascia, hernia, ligament, triangle.
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6-(2,2-Dimethyl-5-oxo-4-phenyl-1-imidazolidinyl)penicillanic acid;a semisynthetic penicillin compound with antimicrobial properties.phenazacillin;
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A carbohydrate starch derivative used as a cryoprotective agent for erythrocytes. Also used as an extender of blood plasma volume.
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See hetero-.
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Unequal conjoined twins in which the smaller incomplete parasite is attached to the larger, more nearly normal autosite. See conjoined twins, under twin. [heter- + G. adelphos, brother]
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Common name for members of the family Heterakidae.
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A genus of important nematode parasites (family Heterakidae, order Ascaridida). H. gallinarum is the cecal worm of chickens, turkeys, and many gallinaceous birds, and is the vector of Histomonas meleagridis, a protozoan that causes histomoniasis. Other species include H. brevispiculum, H. dispar, H. isolonche, and H. spumosa, the latter an abundant cecal parasite of rats and other rodents.
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Unequal conjoined twins in which the parasite appears as little more than an excrescence on the autosite. See conjoined twins, under twin. [heter- + G. halios, useless]
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Having mutually perpendicular axes of unequal length.
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Having more than one host; said of a parasite passing different stages of its life cycle in different animals.metoxenous; [heter- + G. oikion, home]
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The occurrence, in a parasite, of two cycles of development passed in two different hosts.metoxeny (1) ; [heter- + G. oikion, home]
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A change occurring in the degree (either plus or minus) of the sensory response to a cutaneous stimulus as the latter crosses a certain line on the surface. [heter- + G. aisthesis, sensation]
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The other, different; opposite of homo- [G. heteros, other]
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A form of hemagglutinin, one that agglutinates the red blood cells of species other than that in which the h. occurs. See also hemagglutinin.
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Genes that have undergone mutation at different nucleotide positions and therefore result from different mutational events. Cf. eualleles.
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Antibody that is heterologous with respect to antigen, in contradistinction to isoantibody.
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Antiserum developed in one animal species against antigens or cells of another species.
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An atom, other than carbon, located in the ring structure of an organic compound, as the N in pyridines or pyrimidines (heterocyclic compounds).
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Developing from more than a single type of tissue. [hetero- + G. blastos, germ]
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Formed of cells of different kinds.
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1. Having different centers; said of rays that do not meet at a common focus. Cf. homocentric. 2. allocentric [hetero- + G. kentron, center]
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Conjoined twins with heads of unequal size. See conjoined twins, under twin. [hetero- + G. kephale, head]
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Relating to or referred to the other hand. [hetero- + G. cheir, hand]
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Characteristic of heterochromatin.
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The part of the chromonema that remains tightly coiled and condensed during interphase and thus stains readily.heteropyknotic chromatin;
constitutive h. repetitive h. that lies in secondary constrictions in the nucleolar organizers.
facultative h. non-repetitive h. that comprises translatable sequences of DNA.
satellite-rich h. h. that codes for 18 S and 28 S components of ribosomal RNA and is located close to the centromeres of certain chromosomes.
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A difference in coloration in two structures which are normally alike in color. [hetero- + G. chroma, color]
atrophic h. h. iridis after trauma or inflammation, or in old age.
binocular h. an increase or decrease in pigmentation of one eye, with or without extraocular pigmentary defects.
h. i´ridis , h. of iris a difference in coloration of the irides. See binocular h.
monocular h. iris bicolor
simple h. h. iridis appearing as a developmental defect, without any innervation defect.
sympathetic h. h. iridis occurring after lesions of the cervical sympathetic nerves.
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allosome
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Having an abnormal difference in coloration.
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Having varying chronaxies. [hetero- + G. chronos, time]
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Origin or development of tissues or organs at an unusual time or out of the regular sequence. Cf. synchronia. [hetero- + G. chronos, time]
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heterochronous
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Relating to heterochronia.heterochronic;
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Denoting an anastomosis between branches of different arterial trunks, as distinguished from homocladic. [hetero- + G. klados, a twig]
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Denoting the secretion of two or more kinds of material. [hetero- + G. krino, to separate]
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Rarely used term for an irregular crisis, one occurring at an abnormal time or with unusual symptoms.
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Having an affinity for cells of a different species. [hetero- + G. kytos, cell, + trope, a turning toward]
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Obsolete term denoting skin grafting in which the grafts are taken from the skin of an animal of another species (dermatoheteroplasty). [hetero- + G. derma, skin]
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Of varying size; describing aerosols whose particles are not uniform in size.
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Having teeth of varying shapes, such as those of humans and the majority of mammals, in contrast to homodont. [hetero- + G. odous, tooth]
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A biting louse of the dog, sometimes called the kangaroo louse.
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Moving in the opposite direction. [hetero- + G. dromos, running]
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A DNA molecule, the two constitutive strands of which are derived from distinct sources and hence are likely to be somewhat mismatched. [hetero- + L. duplex, two-fold]
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Unequal conjoined twins in which the incomplete parasite, consisting of head and neck and, to some extent, thorax, is attached to the anterior surface of the autosite. See conjoined twins, under twin. [hetero- + G. didymos, twin]
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alloerotic
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A condition of sexual excitement brought about by congress with a person of the opposite sex.
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alloerotism
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Having sex gametes of contrasting types; human males are h.digametic; [hetero- + G. gametikos, connubial]
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Relating to heterogamy.
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1. Conjugation of unlike gametes. 2. Bearing different types of flowers. 3. Reproduction by indirect methods of pollination. [hetero- + G. gamos, marriage]
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Heterogeneous state or quality.
genetic h. the character of a phenotype produced by diverse mechanisms which can be distinguished by special methods (such as linkage analysis) but are ordinarily indistinguishable. See genocopy.
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Comprising elements with various and dissimilar properties.
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1. Alternation of generations. 2. asexual generation 3. spontaneous generation [hetero- + G. genesis, production]
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Relating to heterogenesis.
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Having different gene constitutions, especially in diverse species.
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In microbial genetics, an organism that contains exogenous genetic material that differs somewhat from the corresponding region of its own original genome, but in a very limited way resembles a heterozygote. [hetero- + genote]
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Of foreign origin. Commonly confused with heterogeneous.
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heteropolysaccharide
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xenograft
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Hypnosis induced by or in another, as opposed to autohypnosis.
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A cell containing diverse nuclei inside a common cytoplasm, usually resulting from the artificial fusion of two cells from different species. [hetero- + G. karyon, kernel, nut]
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Exhibiting the properties of a heterokaryon.
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Keratoplasty in which the cornea from one species of animal is grafted to the eye of another species.
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Executing movements the reverse of those one is told to make.heterokinesis (2) ; [hetero- + G. kinesis, movement]
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1. Differential distribution of X and Y chromosomes during meiotic cell division. 2. heterokinesia [hetero- + G. kinesis, movement hetero- + G. kinesis, movement]
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The habitual substitution of meaningless or inappropriate words for those intended; a form of aphasia.heterophasia, heterophemia, heterophemy; [hetero- + G. lalia, speech]
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contralateral [hetero- + L. latus, side]
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Lipids containing N and P atoms in addition to the usual C, H, and O. Cf. homolipids. compound lipids;
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Relating to stammering or the substitution of one letter for another in the pronunciation of certain words. [hetero- + L. littera, letter]
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1. Pertaining to cytologic or histologic elements occurring where they are not normally found. See also xenogeneic. 2. Derived from an animal of a different species, as the serum of a horse is h. for a rabbit. [hetero- + G. logos, ratio, relation]
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A departure from the normal in structure, arrangement, or mode or time of development.
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A lysin that is formed in one species of animal and manifests lytic activity on the cells of a different species.
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Dissolution or digestion of cells or protein components from one species by a lytic agent from a different species. [hetero- + G. lysis, a loosening]
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Pertaining to heterolysis or to the effect of a heterolysin.
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A flagellate having two flagella, one anterior and one posterior. [hetero- + G. mastix, a whip]
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heteromeric (2)
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1. Having a different chemical composition. 2. Denoting spinal neurons that have processes passing over to the opposite side of the cord.heteromeral, heteromerous; [hetero- + G. meros, part]
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heteromeric (2)
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Pertaining to a member of the Heterometabola, a superorder sometimes used for a series of insect orders in which incomplete metamorphosis is found. [hetero- + G. metabole, change]
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Tissue transformation resulting in production of a tissue foreign to the part where produced.
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Involving or depending upon a change in size. [hetero- + G. metron, measure]
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A condition in which the refraction is different in the two eyes. [hetero- + G. metron, measure, + ops, eye]
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In cytogenetics, a difference of shape or size in metaphase between the two homologous chromosomes. [hetero- + G. morphe, shape]
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1. Development of one tissue from a tissue of another kind or type. 2. Embryonic development of tissue or an organ inappropriate to its site. [hetero- + G. morphosis, a molding]
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Differing from the normal form.
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1. Different from the type; abnormal. 2. Subject to the direction or control of another; not self-governing. Cf. autonomous. [hetero- + G. nomos, law]
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The condition or state of being heteronomous. [hetero- + G. nomos, law]
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Denoting a heterokaryon that has lost some of the nuclear material of which the cell line was originally constituted.
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Having different names or expressed in different terms. [G. heteronymos, having a different name, fr. onyma, or onoma, name]
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Bone transplantation from one species to another; formerly used to denote transplants from one person to another.
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Unequal conjoined twins in which the imperfectly developed parasite is attached to the ventral portion of the autosite. See conjoined twins, under twin. See also epigastrius. [hetero- + G. pagos, fixed]
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1. Abnormal sensitivity to stimuli. 2. allopathy [hetero- + G. pathos, suffering]
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Digestion within a cell of an exogenous substance phagocytosed from the cell's environment. [hetero- + G. phagein, to eat]
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heterolalia [hetero- + G. phasis, speech]
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heterolalia [hetero- + G. pheme, a speech]
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1. The neutrophilic leukocyte in man; in some animals the granules vary in size and staining reaction. 2. Pertaining to heterogenetic antigens occurring in different species or to antibodies directed against such antigens. [hetero- + G. philos, fond]
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1. The change of voice at puberty. 2. Any abnormality in the voice sounds.heterophthongia; [hetero- + G. phone, voice]
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A tendency for deviation of the eyes from parallelism, prevented by binocular vision. [hetero- + G. phora, movement]
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A seldom-used term for a difference in the appearance of the two eyes, usually due to heterochromia iridis.allophthalmia; [hetero- + G. ophthalmos, eye]
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heterophonia [G. heterophthongos, fr. heteros, different, + phthongos, sound, voice]
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A genus of digenetic flukes (family Heterophyidae) parasitic in fish-eating birds and mammals, including man; cercariae from infected snails penetrate and encyst in fish, which are eaten by the final hosts. [hetero- + G. phye, stature, form]
H. brevicae´ca a species reported from man in the Philippines and implicated in heart lesions caused by the eggs of this minute fluke, carried from the intestinal mucosa to obstruct coronary capillaries.
H. heteroph´yes the Egyptian intestinal or small intestinal fluke, a species infecting the small intestine and cecum in man and other fish-eating mammals in Egypt and the Far East.
H. katsura´dai a species, somewhat smaller than H. heterophyes, found in Japan.
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Infection with a heterophyid trematode, particularly Heterophyes heterophyes.heterophyidiasis;
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Common name for a member of the family Heterophyidae.
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A family of tiny fish-borne trematodes, including the genus Heterophyes and its common human parasite, H. heterophyes.
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heterophyiasis
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1. Development of cytologic and histologic elements that are not normal for the organ or part in question, as the growth of bone in a site where there is normally fibrous connective tissue. 2. Malposition of tissue or a part that is otherwise normal, as a ureter that develops at the lower pole of a kidney.alloplasia; [hetero- + G. plasis, a forming]
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1. Pertaining to or manifesting heteroplasia. 2. Relating to heteroplasty.
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The graft in heteroplasty.
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1. heterotransplantation 2. Formerly, transplantation of any graft other than an autograft. [hetero- + G. plastos, formed]
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Relating to heteroploidy.
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The state of a cell possessing some number of complete haploid sets other than the normal. [hetero- + G. ploides, in form]
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A polysaccharide composed of two or more different types of monosaccharides. Cf. glycan, homoglycan. heteroglycan;
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See primary proteose.
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Relating to ideas developed from without or derived from another's consciousness.
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Any state of variable density or condensation, usually in different chromosomes or between different regions of the same chromosome; a region may be attentuated (negative h ) or accentuated (positive h ). [hetero- + G. pyknos, dense]
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Relating to or characterized by heteropyknosis.
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A glycoside in which a sugar group is attached to a nonsugar group; e.g., amygdalin.
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Non-constancy of the variance of a measure over the levels of the factor under study. [hetero + G. skedastikos, pertaining to scattering, fr. skedannumi, to scatter]
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1. A person whose sexual orientation is toward persons of the opposite sex. 2. Relating to or characteristic of heterosexuality. 3. One whose interests and behavior are characteristic of heterosexuality.
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Erotic attraction, predisposition, or activity, including sexual congress between persons of the opposite sex.
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A compound containing two or more different carbohydrate residues that are covalently linked to a noncarbohydrate moiety.
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The beneficial effect on the phenotype of crossing (hybridization) upon growth, vigor, and physical or mental qualities in a strain of plants or in animal stock, as measured by the difference between the midparent mean phenotype and that of F1. [hetero- + -osis, condition]
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allotriosmia
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In genetics, the chromosome pair that is different in the two sexes. See sex chromosomes, under chromosome. [hetero- + G. soma, body]
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Heterologous, as pertains to grafts.
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Hypnotic suggestion received from another person; opposed to autosuggestion.
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Abnormal arrangement of organs or parts of the body in relation to each other.heterotaxis, heterotaxy; [hetero- + G. taxis, arrangement]
cardiac h. See dextrocardia.
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Abnormally placed or arranged.
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heterotaxia
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In fungi, denoting a kind of sexual reproduction in which a sexual spore is produced only by fusion with a nucleus of another mating type. Cf. homothallic. [hetero- + G. thallos, a young shoot]
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A heterothermic animal.
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Having partial regulation of body temperature; between poikilothermic and homeothermic.
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Relating to heterosis.
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Abnormality or variation in tension or tonus. [hetero- + G. tonos, tension]
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1. ectopia 2. In neuropathology, displacement of gray matter, typically into the deep cerebral white matter. [hetero- + G. topos, place]
h. mac´ulae ectopia maculae
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1. ectopic (1) 2. Relating to heterotopia (2). [hetero- + topos, place, + suffix -ic, pertaining to]
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Heterotopic, especially in reference to teratomas composed of tissues that are out of place in the region where found.
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Transfer of a heterograft (xenograft).heteroplasty (1) ;
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A condition characterized by hair growth of variegated color. [hetero- + G. trichosis, growth of hair]
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A microorganism that obtains its carbon, as well as its energy, from organic compounds. See also autotroph. [hetero- + G. trophe, nourishment]
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1. Relating to or exhibiting the properties of heterotrophy. 2. Relating to a heterotroph.
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The ability or requirement to synthesize all metabolites from organic compounds.
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strabismus [hetero- + G. trope, a turning]
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Of a different or unusual type or form.
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7-Methylxanthine;one of the alloxuric bases in urine, representing end products of purine metabolism.
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digenetic (1) [hetero- + G. xenos, stranger]
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Relating to another animal or another species of animal. [hetero- + G. zoikos, relating to an animal]
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The state of being heterozygous. [hetero- + G. zygon, a yoke]
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A heterozygous individual. [hetero- + G. zygotos, yoked]
compound h. in medical genetics, the presence of two different mutant alleles at the same loci.genetic compound;
manifesting h. an organism heterozygous for what is ordinarily a recessive condition which, as a result of special mechanisms (such as lyonization, allelic exclusion, or a deletion in the homologous chromosome), has phenotypic manifestations.manifesting carrier;
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Having different allelic genes at one locus or (by extension) many loci; heterotic.
doubly h. in the analysis of linkage between two loci, denoting that genotype in which a parent is h. at both loci, the state that on average contains the maximum information about the linkage.
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Johann O.L., German pediatrician, 1843-1926. See artery of H.; H.'s arteritis.
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Johannes. See van Horne.
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Chester, U.S. embryologist, 1885-1965. See H.'s membrane.
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Abbreviation for hepatitis E virus.
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Prefix denoting six. [G. hex]
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The motile six-hooked first-stage larva of cyclophyllidean cestodes; it emerges from the egg and actively claws its way through the intermediate host's intestine prior to development into the next larval stage; e.g., the h. of Taenia saginata, which penetrates the intestine of a cow that ingested the egg, then forms a cysticercus in the muscles of the intermediate host.oncosphere; [hexa- + G. akantha, hook or thorn]
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gamma benzene hexachloride
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hexachlorophene
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2,2´-Methylenebis(3,4,6-trichlorophenol); an antibacterial;used in soaps and detergents to inhibit bacterial growth; excessive use causes neurological lesions.hexachlorophane;
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Systemic name for cerotinic acid.
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See ceryl.
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ceryl
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A sexivalent element or radical.
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The presence of six fingers or six toes on one or both hands or feet. [hexa- + G. daktylos, finger]
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palmitic acid
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cetyl alcohol
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prozapine
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A genus in the family Hepadnaviridae, which is the cause of hepatitis B in man and certain animals.
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Hexamethylenebis[fluoren-9-yldimethylammonium bromide];a potentiator for succinylcholine in anesthesiology by producing a mild nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade; also inhibits plasma cholinesterase.
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1. See virion. 2. A complex or compound containing six subunits or moieties (e.g., a protein complex with six polypeptide chains or an oligopeptide with six amino acid residues). [hexa- + G. meros, part]
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Containing six subunits or moieties.
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A lipophilic substance that readily crosses the blood-brain barrier; combined with 99mTc to produce a radiopharmaceutical for SPECT imaging or cerebral blood flow estimates.hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime;
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hexamethonium chloride
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Hexamethylenebis(trimethylammonium chloride);a ganglionic blocking agent used in the treatment of hypertension, usually in combination with other hypotensive drugs; also used as the bromide and the tartrate.hexamethone bromide, vegalysen;
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A drug which liberates formaldehyde in an acid urine; used as a urinary antiseptic.
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hexametazime
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p,p´-(Hexamethylenedioxy)dibenzamidine bis(beta-hydroxyethanesulfonate);a topical antiseptic.
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methenamine
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A genus of protozoan flagellates (order Diplomonadida, class Zoomastigophorea), related to Giardia; they are parasitic in the small intestine of many gallinaceous birds and of certain mammals. H. meleagridis is a species that occurs in the turkey, peafowl, pheasant, quail, and Chukkar partridge; it is most pathogenic in turkeys, causing outbreaks of hexamitiasis. [hexa- + G. mitos, thread]
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An infectious catarrhal enteritis of turkeys, quail, Chukkar partridges, and other gallinaceous birds caused by Hexamita meleagridis and manifested as diarrhea. Adult birds are symptomless carriers, but poults under 10 weeks often are severely affected.
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A saturated hydrocarbon, C6H14, of the paraffin series (typically n-h., CH3-(CH2)4-CH3).
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caproylate
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n-caproic acid
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caproyl
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A peptide containing six amino acid residues.
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See polyploidy.
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Insecta [hexa- + G. pous, foot]
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p,p´-(1,2-Diethylethylene)diphenol; dihydrodiethylstilbestrol;a synthetic meso-compound with estrogenic activity.
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5-Amino-1,3-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-hexahydro-5-methylpyrimidine;a local anti-infective agent used in the treatment of vaginitis and cervicitis due to fungal and protozoan organisms.
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The polyol (sugar alcohol) obtained on the reduction of a hexose (e.g., d-sorbitol).
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Sodium 5-(1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-1,5-dimethylbarbiturate;a barbiturate sedative and hypnotic of short duration.
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3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid ester with 3,3´-[ethylenebis(methylamino)]-di-1-propanol;a coronary and cerebral vasodilator.
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N4-(beta-Cyclohexyl-beta-hyd roxy-beta-phenylethyl)-N1-meth ylpiperazine dimethylsulfate;an anticholinergic agent.
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A phosphotransferase present in yeast, muscle, brain, and other tissues that catalyzes the phosphorylation of d-glucose and other hexoses to form d-glucose 6-phosphate (or other hexose 6-phosphate) (phosphate is transferred from ATP, which is converted to ADP); the first step in glycolysis; a deficiency of h. can result in hemolytic anemia and impaired glycolysis.
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A hexagonal capsomere (hexamer unit) of adenovirus capsids. Antigenically, h.'s as a group differ from the penton base and also from its protruding fiber. [hex- + -on]
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The aldonic acid obtained on the oxidation of the aldehyde group of an aldohexose to a carboxylic acid (e.g., gluconic acid from glucose).
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The amine derivative (NH2 replacing OH) of a hexose; e.g., glucosamine.
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General term for enzymes cleaving N-acetylhexose (e.g., N-acetylglucosamine) residues from ganglioside-like oligosaccharides. At least four specific enzymes carrying out this type of reaction are known: a-N-acetyl-d-galactosaminidase, a-N-acetyl-d-glucosaminidase, beta-N-acetyl-d-hexosaminidase, and beta-N-acetyl-d-galactosaminidase, each being specific for the configuration and type of sugar included in the name.
h. A a hydrolytic enzyme that acts on ganglioside GM2, producing N-acetyl-d-galactosamine and ganglioside GM3; a deficiency of this enzyme is associated with Tay-Sachs disease.
h. B a hydrolytic enzyme that acts on ganglioside GM1, producing ganglioside GM1 and galactose, as well as on globoside, producing N-acetylgalactosamine and trihexosylceramide; a deficiency of this enzyme is associated with Sandhoff's disease.
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Polysaccharides with the general formula (C6H10O5)x which, on hydrolysis, yield hexoses; included are glucosans (glucans), mannans, galactans, and fructosans (fructans).polyhexoses;
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A monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms in the molecule (C6H12O6); d-glucose is the principal h. in nature.
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fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
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An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of a hexose phosphate to a hexose (e.g., glucose-6-phosphatase).
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glucose-phosphate isomerase
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UDPglucose-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
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ketohexose
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The uronic acid of a hexose.
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The radical of hexane, CH3(CH2)4CH2-.
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4-Hexyl-1,3-dihydroxybenzene;a broad spectrum anthelmintic.
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William, English surgeon, 1736-1819. See H.'s amputation, internal derangement, hernia, ligament.
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W.T., U.S. scientist, *1902. See H.-Pudenz valve.
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O.S., 20th century South African obstetrician. See H.'s abdominal decompression apparatus.
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Symbol for hafnium.
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Symbol for mercury (hydrargyrum).
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Abbreviation for hyperglycemic-glycogenolytic factor.
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Abbreviation for human growth hormone. See somatotropin.
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Abbreviation for hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase.
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Abbreviation for human herpesvirus.
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Relating to a hiatus.
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An aperture, opening, or foramen. [L. an aperture, fr. hio, pp. hiatus, to yawn]
adductor h. the aperture in the aponeurotic insertion of the adductor magnus that transmits the femoral artery and vein from the adductor canal to the popliteal space.h. tendineus [NA], h. adductorius [NA], femoral opening, tendinous opening;
h. adducto´rius [NA] * official alternate term for adductor h
aortic h. the opening in the diaphragm bounded by the two crura, the vertebral column, and the median arcuate ligament, through which pass the aorta and thoracic duct.h. aorticus [NA], aortic foramen, aortic opening;
h. aor´ticus [NA] aortic h
Breschet's h. helicotrema
h. of canal for greater petrosal nerve h. of facial canal
h. cana´lis facia´lis h. of facial canal
h. cana´lis ner´vi petro´si majo´ris [NA] h. of facial canal
h. cana´lis ner´vi petro´si mino´ris [NA] h. of canal of lesser petrosal nerve
h. of canal of lesser petrosal nerve the small opening in the petrous bone lateral to the h. of facial canal that gives passage to the lesser petrosal nerve.h. canalis nervi petrosi minoris [NA], Arnold's canal, canalis nervi petrosi superficialis minoris;
esophageal h. the opening in the right crus of the diaphragm, between the central tendon and the h. aorticus, through which pass the esophagus and the two vagus nerves.h. esophageus [NA], esophageal opening;
h. esopha´geus [NA] esophageal h
h. ethmoida´lis semilunar h
h. of facial canal the opening on the anterior aspect of the petrous part of the temporal bone which leads to the facial canal and gives passage to the greater petrosal nerve.h. canalis nervi petrosi majoris [NA], fallopian h., Ferrein's foramen, h. canalis facialis, h. of canal for greater petrosal nerve;
fallopian h. h. of facial canal
h. maxilla´ris [NA] maxillary h
maxillary h. the large opening into the maxillary sinus on the nasal surface of the maxilla.h. maxillaris [NA] ;
pleuropericardial h. an opening connecting the pleural and pericardial cavities; usually the result of incomplete development of the pleuropericardial fold of the embryo.
pleuroperitoneal h. an opening through the diaphragm, connecting pleural and peritoneal cavities, usually the result of defective development of the pleuroperitoneal membrane in the embryo; if the defect is extensive there may be herniation of digestive organs into the pleural cavity. See also diaphragmatic hernia.Bochdalek's foramen;
sacral h. a normally-occurring gap at the lower end of the sacrum, exposing the vertebral canal, due to failure of the laminae of the last sacral segment to coalesce. It is closed by the sacrococcygeal ligament, and provides cannular access to the sacral epidural space for administration of anesthetics (caudal nerve blocks).h. sacralis [NA] ;
h. sacra´lis [NA] sacral h
saphenous h. saphenous opening
h. saphe´nus [NA] saphenous opening
scalene h. triangular gap bounded by the scalenus anterior and scalenus medius muscles and the first rib to which the muscles attach; the h. provides passage for the subclavian artery and the roots of the brachial plexus. Compression of the structures passing through the h. by any means is manifest as "thoracic outlet syndrome."interscalene triangle;
Scarpa's h. helicotrema
semilunar h. a deep, narrow groove in the lateral wall of the middle meatus of the nasal cavity, into which the maxillary sinus, the frontonasal duct, and the middle ethmoid cells open.h. semilunaris [NA], h. ethmoidalis;
h. semiluna´ris [NA] semilunar h
h. subarcua´tus subarcuate fossa
h. tendin´eus [NA] adductor h
h. tota´lis sacra´lis developmental clefting in all sacral vertebrae; may also involve adjacent lumbar vertebrae.
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A torpid condition in which certain animals pass the cold months. True hibernators, such as woodchucks, ground squirrels, dormice, and some others, have body temperatures reduced to near the freezing point, with a very slow heartbeat, low metabolism, and infrequent respirations. Partial hibernators, such as bears, skunks, and raccoons, have reduced physiologic activity during the cold months, but they are not comatose. Cf. estivation. winter sleep; [L. hibernus, relating to winter]
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A rare type of benign neoplasm in human beings, consisting of brown fat that resembles the fat in certain hibernating animals; individual tumor cells contain multiple lipid droplets. See also brown fat. [L. hibernus, pertaining to winter, + G. -oma, tumor]
interscapular h. brown fat
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A diaphragmatic spasm causing a sudden inhalation which is interrupted by a spasmodic closure of the glottis, producing a noise.
epidemic h. a persistent h. occurring as a complication of influenza.
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John Braxton. See Braxton H.
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Abbreviation for dimethyl iminodiacetic acid.
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See hidro-.
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Inflammation of the sweat glands.hidrosadenitis, hydradenitis, spiradenitis; [G. hidros, sweat, + aden, gland, + -itis, inflammation]
h. axilla´ris of Verneuil an axillary abscess.
h. suppurati´va chronic suppurative folliculitis of apocrine sweat gland-bearing skin of the perianal, axillary, and genital areas or under the breasts, producing abscesses or sinuses with scarring.
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A benign neoplasm derived from epithelial cells of sweat glands.hydradenoma; [G. hidros, sweat, + aden, gland, + -oma, tumor]
clear cell h. a tumor derived from eccrine sweat glands, composed of glycogen-rich clear cells.eccrine acrospiroma, nodular h;
nodular h. clear cell h
papillary h. a solitary benign tumor occurring in women usually in the labia majora, cystic and papillary, and composed of epithelium resembling that of apocrine glands.apocrine adenoma, h. papilliferum;
h. papillife´rum papillary h
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Sweat, sweat glands. Cf. sudor-. [G. hidros]
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hydroa
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A cystic form of hidradenoma, usually apocrine.hydrocystoma (2), syringocystoma; [hidro- + G. kystis, bladder, + -oma, tumor]
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A decline in the rate of sweating during exposure to heat, especially that from warm baths. [hidro- + G. meiosis, a lessening]
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The formation of sweat. [hidro- + G. poiesis, formation]
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hidradenitis
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Suppression of sweating. [hidro- + G. schesis, a checking]
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The production and excretion of sweat.idrosis; [G. hidros, sweat, + -osis, condition]
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Relating to or causing hidrosis.
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1. Any system of persons or things ranked one above the other. 2. In psychology and psychiatry, an organization of habits or concepts in which simpler components are combined to form increasingly complex integrations. [G. hierarchia, rule or power of the high priest]
dominance h. a social situation in which one organism dominates all below it, the next all below it, and so on down to the organism dominated by all; e.g., the pecking order in apes, seals, barnyard hens, and other species.
Maslow's h. a ranking of needs which man presumably fills successively in the order of lowest to highest: physiological needs, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization.
response h. alternative reactions or modes of adjustment to a given situation arranged in the probable order of prior effectiveness; e.g., a mother attempting to discipline an unruly child may first request, cajole, then plead, scold, and finally punish; her behaviors can be ordered along a response h. for further monitoring of effectiveness.
h. of terms in radiology, the semantic concept of using different terms to describe anatomic or pathologic structures versus the resultant diagnostic images.
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Obsolete term for pathologic religious fervor characterized by delusions with a religious content. [G. hieros, holy, + mania, insanity]
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Morbid fear of religious or sacred objects. [G. hieros, holy, + phobos, fear]
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Treatment of disease by prayer and religious practices. [G. hieros, holy, + therapeia, therapy]
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Ototaka. Japanese physician. See Chédiak-H. disease; Chédiak-Steinbrinck-H. anomaly, syndrome.
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Nathaniel, British anatomist, 1613-1685. See antrum of H.; H.'s body.
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See under sign.
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Plural of hilum.
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Pertaining to a hilum.
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Inflammation of the lining membrane of any hilus.
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Sir Leonard Erskine, English physiologist, 1866-1952. See H.'s sign, phenomenon.
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Lucius, U.S. thoracic surgeon, *1921. See H. operation.
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Archibald V., English biophysicist and Nobel laureate, 1886-1977. See H.'s equation; H. plot.
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Robert, British plant physiologist, *1899. See H. reaction.
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Harold A., 20th century U.S. radiologist. See H.-Sachs lesion.
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David S., U.S. obstetrician-gynecologist, 1873-1942. See H.-Müller maneuver.
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In anatomy, any small elevation or prominence.
axon h. the conical area of origin of the axon from the nerve cell body; it contains parallel arrays of microtubules and is devoid of Nissl substance.implantation cone;
facial h. facial colliculus
seminal h. seminal colliculus
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John, English surgeon, 1804-1878. See H.'s law, white line, method, sac.
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1. The part of an organ where the nerves and vessels enter and leave.porta (1) ; 2. A depression or slit resembling the h. in the olivary nucleus of the brain. [L. a small bit or trifle]
h. of dentate nucleus the mouth of the flasklike dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, directed inward, and giving exit to many of the fibers which compose the superior cerebellar peduncle or brachium conjunctivum.h. nuclei dentati [NA] ;
h. of kidney the depression on the medial border of the kidney through which pass the segmental renal vessels and renal nerves and where the apex of the renal pelvis occurs.h. renalis [NA], porta renis;
h. li´enis * official alternate term for h. of spleen
h. of lung a wedge-shaped depression on the mediastinal surface of each lung, where the bronchus, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics enter or leave the viscus.h. pulmonis [NA], porta pulmonis;
h. of lymph node the depressed area of the surface of a lymph node through which the efferent lymphatics emerge from the medulla and through which blood vessels enter and leave the node.h. nodi lymphatici [NA] ;
h. no´di lympha´tici [NA] h. of lymph node
h. nu´clei denta´ti [NA] h. of dentate nucleus
h. nu´clei oliva´ris [NA] h. of olivary nucleus
h. of olivary nucleus the medially oriented opening in the folded cell layer composing the inferior olivary nucleus through which the efferent fibers of the nucleus make their exit.h. nuclei olivaris [NA] ;
h. ova´rii [NA] h. of ovary
h. of ovary the depression along the mesovarian margin, at the insertion of the mesovarium, where vessels and nerves enter or leave the ovary.h. ovarii [NA] ;
h. pulmo´nis [NA] h. of lung
h. rena´lis [NA] h. of kidney
h. of spleen a fissure on the gastric surface of the spleen, giving passage to the splenic vessels and nerves.h. splenicum [NA], h. lienis, porta lienis;
h. sple´nicum [NA] h. of spleen
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Former incorrect NA designation for hilum. [an Eng. variant of L. hilum]
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An unusually long uvula. [G. himas, strap, + -osis, condition]
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rhombencephalon
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1. The caudal or terminal part of the embryonic gut. 2. Descending and sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal; some include entire large intestine.endgut;
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Colloquialism for amniotic fluid in utero behind the presenting part of the fetus.
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face-bow
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Frank, Jr., U.S. urologist, *1915. See H. syndrome.
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William A., U.S. physician, 1883-1959. See H. test; Mueller-H. agar.
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1. The lateral prominence of the pelvis from the waist to the thigh. 2. Head, neck and greater trohantar of femur. It is this sense that is utilized in the common phrases "hip fracture" or "hip replacement." 3. More strictly, the hip joint. [A.S. hype]
snapping h. a condition in which the fascia lata or gluteus maximus muscle under tension, moving over the greater trochanter of the proximal end of the femur, causes a click.
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rose hips
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See under bone.
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Eugen von. See von H.
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The eye gnats, a genus of flies in the family Chloropidae (fruit flies) that are attracted to the body secretions and fluids of animals and man, particularly those in the eyes. H. is suspected of transmitting certain types of conjunctivitis (such as pinkeye), bovine mastitis, and yaws (frambesia tropica). [G. hippelates, driver of horses]
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A genus of pupiparous louse flies (family Hippoboscidae) related to the tsetse flies; they are ectoparasites on birds and mammals. See also Melophagus. [G. hippos, horse, + boskein, to feed]
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A family of winged and wingless flies (order Diptera) that are parasitic on birds and mammals; it includes the genera Hippobosca and Melophagus.
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Relating to the hippocampus.
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The complex, internally convoluted structure that forms the medial margin ("hem") of the cortical mantle of the cerebral hemisphere, bordering the choroid fissure of the lateral ventricle, and composed of two gyri (Ammon's horn and the dentate gyrus), together with their white matter, the alveus and fimbria hippocampi. In monkeys, apes, and humans the h. is confined to the temporal lobe by the massive development of the corpus callosum. Cytoarchitecturally a unique form of allocortex (archicortex), the h. forms part of the limbic system (formerly rhinencephalon). Its major afferent connections are with the entorhinal area of the parahippocampal gyrus, and transparent septum; by way of the fornix it projects to the septum, anterior nucleus of the thalamus, and mamillary body.h. major, major h; [G. hippocampos, seahorse]
h. ma´jor hippocampus
major h. hippocampus
h. mi´nor calcar avis
minor h. calcar avis
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Greek physician, called the "Father of Medicine," circa 460-377 B.C. See hippocratic facies, hippocratic fingers, under finger, hippocratic nails, under nail, school, succussion.
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Relating to, described by, or attributed to Hippocrates.
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An oath demanded of physicians about to enter the practice of their profession, the composition of which, though usually attributed to Hippocrates of Cos, is probably an ancient oath of the Aesclepiads. It appears in a book of the hippocratic collection as follows:
"I swear by Apollo the physician, by Aesculapius, Hygeia, and Panacea, and I take to witness all the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according to my ability and my judgment the following Oath:
To consider dear to me as my parents him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and if necessary to share my goods with him; to look upon his children as my own brothers, to teach them this art if they so desire without fee or written promise; to impart to my sons and the sons of the master who taught me and the disciples who have enrolled themselves and have agreed to the rules of the profession, but to these alone, the precepts and the instruction. I will prescribe regimen for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone. To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug, nor give advice which may cause his death. Nor will I give a woman a pessary to procure abortion. But I will preserve the purity of my life and my art. I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners (specialists in this art). In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction, and especially from the pleasures of love with women or with men, be they free or slaves. All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or outside of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal. If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot."
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A system of medicine, attributed to Hippocrates and his disciples, based on the imitation of nature's processes in the therapeutic management of disease.
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A salt or ester of hippuric acid.
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The excretion of an abnormally large amount of hippuric acid in the urine.
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N-Benzoylglycine;a detoxification and excretory product of benzoate found in the urine of man and many herbivorous animals; used therapeutically in the form of its salts (hippurates of calcium and ammonium). [G. hippos, horse, + ouron, urine]
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aminoacylase
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Intermittent pupillary dilation and constriction, independent of illumination, convergence, or psychic stimuli. [G. hippos, horse, from a fancied suggestion of galloping movements]
respiratory h. dilation of the pupils occurring during forced, voluntary inspiration, and contraction during expiration.
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Plural of hircus.
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Offensive odor of the axillae. [L. hircus, goat]
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1. The odor of the axillae. 2. [NA] One of the hairs growing in the axillae. 3. tragus (1) [L. he-goat]
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Julius, German ophthalmologist, 1843-1925. See H.'s method.
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Isador, U.S. dentist, 1881-1965. See H.'s canals, under canal.
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See under syndrome.
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See under stain.
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Harald, Danish physician, 1830-1916. See H.'s disease.
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Relating to or characterized by hirsutism. [L. hirsutus, shaggy]
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hirsutism [Mod. L. fr. L. hirsutus, shaggy]
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Presence of excessive bodily and facial terminal hair, in a male pattern, especially in women; may be present in normal adults as an expression of an ethnic characteristic or may develop in children or adults as the result of androgen excess due to tumors or drugs, or nonandrogenetic drugs.hirsuties, pilosis; [L. hirsutus, shaggy]
Apert's h. h. caused by a virilizing disorder of adrenocortical origin.
constitutional h. mild to moderate degree of h. present in an individual exhibiting otherwise normal endocrine and reproductive function.
idiopathic h. h. of uncertain origin in women, who may additionally exhibit menstrual abnormalities and infertility.
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Having or resembling fine hairs; term describing the filamentous protein polysaccharide coating of microvilli. See glycocalyx. [L. hirtus, hairy, shaggy]
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An agent that kills leeches. [L. hirudo, leech, + caedo, to kill]
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An antithrombin substance extracted from the salivary glands of the leech that has the property of preventing coagulation of the blood. [L. hirudo, leech]
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The leeches, a class of worms (phylum Annelida) with flat, segmented bodies, a sucker at the posterior end, and often a smaller sucker at the anterior end; they are predatory on invertebrate tissues, or feed on blood and tissue exudates of vertebrates. [L. hirudo, leech]
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A condition resulting from leeches attaching themselves to the skin or being taken into the mouth or nose while drinking. [L. hirudo, leech, + G. -iasis, condition]
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1. The process of rendering the blood noncoagulable by the injection of hirudin. 2. The application of leeches.
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A genus of leeches (class Hirudinea, family Gnathobdellidae). Species previously used in medicine are: H. australis, Australian leech; H. decora, American leech; H. interrupta or H. troctina, a leech of northern Africa; H. medicinalis, speckled, Swedish, or German leech, the species previously in most general use; H. m. officinalis, a variety of the preceding; H. provincialis, the green or Hungarian leech; H. quinquestriata, five-striped leech. [L. leech]
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Wilhelm, Jr., German physician, 1863-1934. See H.'s band, bundle; H. bundle electrogram; H.'s spindle; Kent-H. bundle; H.-Tawara system.
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Wilhelm, Sr., Swiss anatomist and embryologist in Germany, 1831-1904. See H.'s copula, line, rule, perivascular space; isthmus of H.
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Symbol for histidyl.
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Symbol for histidino.
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Symbol for histidine.
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Philip, U.S. bacteriologist, 1868-1913. See H.'s stain.
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amine oxidase (copper-containing)
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2-(4-Imidazolyl)ethylamine;a depressor amine derived from histidine by histidine decarboxylase and present in ergot and in animal tissues. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle and a vasodilator (capillaries and arterioles) that causes a fall in blood pressure. H., or a substance indistinguishable in action from it, is liberated in the skin as a result of injury. When pricked into the skin in high dilution, it causes the triple response.
h. phosphate used in the treatment of certain allergies, cephalalgia, and acute multiple sclerosis with varying results; also used to test gastric secretory function, in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and in the treatment of Ménière's disease; also available as h. acid phosphate.
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Indicating the absence of the normal response to histamine, especially in speaking of true gastric anacidity.
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The presence of histamine in the circulating blood. [histamine + G. haima, blood]
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The excretion of histamine in the urine. [histidine + G. ouron, urine]
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histoangic
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histidine ammonia-lyase
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The aldehyde analogue of histidine (-CHO replacing -COOH).
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histidine ammonia-lyase
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a-Amino-beta-(4-imidazolyl)propionic acid;the l-isomer is a basic amino acid found in most proteins.
h. ammonia-lyase an enzyme catalyzing deamination of l-histidine to urocanate and ammonia; this enzyme is absent or deficient in individuals with histidinemia.histidase, histidinase, h. deaminase;
h. deaminase h. ammonia-lyase
h. decarboxylase an enzyme catalyzing the decarboxylation of l-histidine to histamine and CO2; thus, it plays a role in constriction of bronchial smooth muscle.
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Elevation of blood histidine level and excretion of histidine and related imidazole metabolites in urine due to deficiency of histidine transport protein; speech defects and mild mental retardation are associated conditions in about half of the patients, growth retardation occurs in some; autosomal recessive inheritance. A deficiency of histidine ammonia lyase will also result in histidinemia. [histidine + G. haima, blood, + -ia]
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The radical of histidine produced by removal of a hydrogen from a nitrogen atom; prefixed by Na, Ntau, or Npi.
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The alcohol analogue of histidine (-COOH becomes -CH2OH).
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Excretion of considerable amounts of histidine in the urine; frequently observed in later months of pregnancy, and in histidinemia.
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The acyl radical of histidine.
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Tissue, especially connective tissue. [G. histion, web (tissue)]
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A tissue-forming cell.histoblast; [histio- + G. blastos, germ]
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A macrophage present in connective tissue.histocyte; [histio- + G. kytos, cell]
cardiac h. a large mononuclear cell found in connective tissue of the heart wall in inflammatory conditions, especially in the Aschoff body. The ovoid nucleus contains a central chromatin mass appearing as a wavy bar in longitudinal section.Anitschkow cell, Anitschkow myocyte, caterpillar cell;
sea-blue h. a h. containing cytoplasmic granules that stain bright blue with hematologic stains such as Wright-Giemsa; found in bone marrow and in the spleen, associated with hepatosplenomegaly and thrombocytopenic purpura and in other blood diseases.
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A tumor composed of histiocytes. [histio- + G. kytos, cell, + -oma, tumor]
fibrous h. sclerosing hemangioma See dermatofibroma.
generalized eruptive h. a rare recurring generalized eruption in adults of flesh colored or erythematous papules remaining localized to the skin and consisting of dermal nodules of mononuclear histiocytes that do not stain for lipid.nodular non-X histiocytosis;
malignant fibrous h. a deeply situated tumor, especially on the extremities of adults, frequently recurring after surgery and metastasizing to the lungs; shows partial fibroblastic and histiocytic differentiation with a variable storiform pattern, myxoid areas, and giant cells.
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A generalized multiplication of histiocytes.histocytosis;
lipid h. h. with cytoplasmic accumulation of lipid, either phospholipid (Niemann-Pick disease) or glucocerebroside (Gaucher's disease).
malignant h. a rapidly fatal form of lymphoma, characterized by fever, jaundice, pancytopenia, and enlargement of the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes; the affected organs show focal necrosis and hemorrhage, with proliferation of histiocytes and phagocytosis of red blood cells.
nodular non-X h. generalized eruptive histiocytoma
nonlipid h. Letterer-Siwe disease
regressing atypical h. a rare disease characterized clinically by multiple ulcerating cutaneous papules and nodules which show spontaneous regression; the skin is infiltrated by malignant-appearing histiocytes.
sinus h. with massive lymphadenopathy a chronic disease occurring in children and characterized by massive painless cervical lymphadenopathy due to distension of the lymphatic sinuses by macrophages containing ingested lymphocytes, and by capsular and pericapsular fibrosis.Rosai-Dorman disease;
h. X proliferation of Langerhans' cells of undetermined clinical type, possibly Hand-Schüller-Christian d., Letterer-Siwe disease, and eosinophilic granuloma.
h. Y verrucous xanthoma
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histogenous
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histoid
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histoma
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Relating to any tissue.
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Tissue. [G. histos, web (tissue)]
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Relating to the structure of blood vessels, especially in terms of their function.histangic; [histo- + G. angeion, vessel]
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histioblast
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cytochemistry
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A state of immunologic similarity (or identity) that permits successful homograft transplantation.
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See under testing.
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histiocyte
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histiocytosis
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The morphologic appearance of tissue characteristics during development.
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Fluorescence of the tissues under exposure to ultraviolet rays following the injection of a fluorescent substance or as a result of a natural fluorescing substance.
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The origin of a tissue; the formation and development of the tissues of the body.histogeny; [histo- + G. genesis, origin]
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Relating to histogenesis.
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Formed by the tissues; e.g., the h. cells in an exudate arising from proliferation of the fixed tissue cells.histiogenic; [histo- + G. -gen, producing]
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histogenesis
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1. A graphic columnar or bar representation to compare the magnitudes of frequencies or numbers of items. 2. Graphical representation of the frequency distribution of a variable, in which rectangles are drawn with their bases on a uniform linear scale representing intervals, and their heights are proportional to the values within each of the intervals. [histo- + G. gramma, a writing]
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1. Resembling in structure one of the tissues of the body. 2. Sometimes used with reference to the histologic structure of a neoplasm derived from and consisting of a single, relatively simple type of neoplastic tissue that closely resembles the normal, as in certain fibromas and leiomyomas.histioid; [histo- + G. eidos, resemblance]
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A state of immunologic dissimilarity of tissues sufficient to cause rejection of a homograft when tissue is transplanted from one individual to another; implies a difference in histocompatibility genes in donor and recipient.
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Pertaining to histology.
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One who specializes in the science of histology.microanatomist;
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The science concerned with the minute structure of cells, tissues, and organs in relation to their function. See microscopic anatomy.microanatomy; [histo- + G. logos, study]
pathologic h. histopathology
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Disintegration of tissue. [histo- + G. lysis, dissolution]
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A benign neoplasm in which the cytologic and histologic elements are closely similar to those of normal tissue from which the neoplastic cells are derived.histioma; [histo- + G. -oma, tumor]
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Exciting tissue metaplasia.
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A protozoan flagellate (order Trichomonadida) parasitizing the intestine and liver of turkeys, chickens, and many other domestic and wild gallinaceous birds; it is nearly ubiquitous but rarely pathogenic in chickens; in the turkey, it causes histomoniasis. It is now considered to be in a family (Monocercomonadidae) that includes Dientamoeba.Amoeba meleagridis;
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A disease chiefly affecting turkeys, caused by Histomonas meleagridis and characterized by ulcerative and necrotic lesions of the liver and cecum, acute onset, and a high mortality rate. It is transmitted inside the eggs of the nematode Heterakis gallinae, which is primarily responsible for maintaining and spreading the infection.blackhead (2), infectious enterohepatitis;
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The quantitative measurement and characterization of microscopical images using a computer; manual or automated digital image analysis typically involves measurements and comparisons of selected geometric areas, perimeters, length angle of orientation, form factors, center of gravity coordinates, as well as image enhancement. [histo- + G. morphe, shape, + metron, measure]
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One of a number of simple proteins (often found in the cell nucleus) that contains a high proportion of basic amino acids, are soluble in water, dilute acids, and alkalies, and are not coagulable by heat; e.g., the proteins associated with nucleic acids in the nuclei of plant and animal tissues.
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periarterial sympathectomy [histo- + G. ektome, excision]
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neurohistology
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A law of the development and structure of the tissues of the body. [histo- + G. nomos, law]
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The excretion of histone in the urine, as observed in certain instances of leukemia, febrile illnesses, and wasting diseases. [histone + G. ouron, urine]
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Abnormal embryonic development or growth of tissue. [histogenesis + pathogenesis]
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The science or study dealing with the cytologic and histologic structure of abnormal or diseased tissue.pathologic histology;
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The microscopic study of tissues in relation to their functions.
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A dimorphic fungus species of worldwide distribution that causes histoplasmosis in humans and other mammals; its ascomycetous state is Ajellomyces capsulatum. The organism's natural habitat is soil fertilized with bird and bat droppings, where it grows as a mold, fragments of which, following inhalation, produce the primary pulmonary infection; within the mammalian host tissues, inhaled mycelial fragments grow as uninuclear yeasts that reproduce by budding. This parasitic form may also be induced in the laboratory by culturing the mycelial phase at 37°C on a blood-enriched medium; growth reverts to the mycelial form when the temperature is below 37°C. H.c. var. duboisii causes a clinically distinct disease, African histoplasmosis, in which large yeast cells with thicker walls are found in tissues, in contrast to the small yeast cells of H.c. var. farciminosum, which causes epizootic lymphangitis. [histo- + G. plasma, something formed]
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An antigenic extract of Histoplasma capsulatum, used in immunological tests for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis; also used in skin test surveys of populations to determine the geographic distribution of the fungus and to predict those that are endemic for histoplasmosis.
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An infectious granuloma caused by Histoplasma capsulatum.
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A widely distributed infectious disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum and occurring frequently in epidemics; usually acquired by inhalation of spores of the fungus in soil dust and manifested by a primary benign pneumonitis similar in clinical features to a mild form of primary tuberculosis; occasionally, the primary disease progresses to produce localized lesions in lung, such as pulmonary cavitation, or the typical disseminated disease of the reticuloendothelial system which is manifested by fever, emaciation, splenomegaly, and leukopenia.Darling's disease;
African h. a form of h. caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii, observed only in tropical Africa; the organism grows chiefly in giant cells, causing lesions localized to skin, bone, or lacrimal glands, or is disseminated with multiple foci of osteomyelitis and visceral disorders; generalized forms produce lesions in lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone, and lungs, although lung involvement is uncommon.
presumed ocular h. subretinal neovascularization in the macular region associated with chorioretinal atrophy and pigment proliferation adjacent to the optic disk, and peripheral chorioretinal atrophy ("histo-spots").
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Radiography of tissue, specifically microscopic sections; usually microradiography.
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Breakdown of tissue by some agency other than infection. [histo- + G. rhexis, rupture]
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microtome [histo- + G. tome, cut]
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microtomy
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That part of the Class II major histocompatibility molecule that interacts with the T cell receptor. [histo- + -tope]
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Relating to poisoning of the respiratory enzyme system of the tissues.
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The part of the nutrition of the embryo derived from cellular sources other than blood. Cf. embryotroph, hemotroph.
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Providing nourishment for or favoring the formation of tissue. [histo- + G. trophe, nourishment]
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Attracted toward the tissues; denoting certain parasites, stains, and chemical compounds. [histo- + G. tropikos, turning]
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Living in the tissues outside of a cell body; denoting certain parasitic protozoa. [histo- + G. zoikos, relating to an animal]
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aminoacylase
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A gene that has no selective advantage, or may even be harmful, but that nevertheless temporarily becomes widespread because it is closely linked and coupled with a highly advantageous gene that is strongly selected.
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Eduard, German psychiatrist, 1838-1907. See H.'s girdle.
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Abbreviation for human immunodeficiency virus.
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Abbreviation for human immunodeficiency virus-1. See human immunodeficiency virus.
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Abbreviation for human immunodeficiency virus-2. See human immunodeficiency virus.
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1. urticaria 2. wheal
giant h. angioedema
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A., German pathologist, 1897-1958. See H.'s disease.
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Abbreviation for human lymphocyte antigens, under antigen.
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Tests done in order to determine if a patient has antibodies against a potential donor's HLA antigens. The presence of antibodies means that a particular graft will be rapidly rejected.
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Abbreviation for human menopausal gonadotropin.
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Abbreviation for beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA.
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Abbreviation for hypothetical mean organism; health maintenance organization.
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Abbreviation for hexametazime or hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime.
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Abbreviation for hypothetical mean strain.
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Symbol for nitrogen mustard. See nitrogen mustards, under mustard.
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Abbreviation for heterogeneous nuclear RNA.
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Symbol for holmium.
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See under sign.
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Having a rough, harsh voice. [A.S. has]
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A harsh quality of the voice.
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Nicholas van, Dutch anatomist and physician, 1632-1678. See H.'s gemmules, under gemmule, nodules, under nodule, valves, under valve.
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Abbreviation for high osmolar contrast agent.
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Alfred E., German psychiatrist, 1865-1943. See H.'s bundle, tract.
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The tarsus in the horse and other quadrupeds; the joint of the hind limb between the stifle and the fetlock; corresponds to the ankle in humans. [O.E. hoh, heel]
capped h. calcaneal bursitis
curby h. curb
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Abbreviation for high osmolar contrast medium.
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Hugh L., U.S. gynecologist, 1796-1873. See H.'s pessary.
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John T., U.S. surgeon, 1826-1882. See H. splint.
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Thomas, British physician, 1798-1866. See H.'s disease; H.-Key murmur; non-H.'s lymphoma.
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Alan L., British physiologist and Nobel laureate, *1914. See Goldman-H.-Katz equation.
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Joseph, British physician, 1788-1869. See H.'s disease.
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In embryology, obsolete term for a metameric segment of the neural tube with its pair of nerves and their branches. [G. hodos, path, + neuron, nerve, + meros, part]
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Morbid fear of traveling. [G. hodos, path, + phobos, fear]
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A bisbenzimidazole dye employed in cytochemistry and fluorescence microscopy as a sensitive indicator of DNA in chromosomes, specifically constitutive heterochromatin.
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Reinhard J.C., German parasitologist, *1893. See Splendore-H. phenomenon.
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The hollow in the cytoplasm of a cell that lodges the nucleus. [Ger. court]
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J. Isfred I., U.S. gynecologist, 1878-1961. See H. cell.
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Albert, German surgeon, 1859-1908. See H.'s operation.
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August Wilhelm, German chemist, 1818-1892. See Frei-Hoffmann reaction, Hoffman's violet.
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Friedrich, German physician, 1660-1742. Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at Halle, noted for clinical observations of a variety of infectious diseases.
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Johann, German neurologist, 1857-1919. See H.'s muscular atrophy, phenomenon, reflex, sign; Werdnig-H. disease; Werdnig-Hoffmann muscular atrophy.
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Moritz, German anatomist, 1622-1698. See H.'s duct.
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Georg von, Austrian bacteriologist, 1843-1890. See H.'s bacillus.
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Franz, German biochemist, 1850-1922. See H. series, gastrectomy.
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Franz von, German surgeon, 1867-1926. See H.'s operation; H.-Pólya anastomosis.
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Lawrence, British mathematician, *1895. See H. number.
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D.S., U.S. molecular biologist, *1925. See Grunstein-H. assay; H. box.
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Related to genes located on the Y chromosome. [G. holos, entire, + aner, human male]
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Relating to holarthritis.
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Inflammation of all or a great number of the joints. [G. holos, entire, + arthron, joint, + -itis, inflammation]
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Luther, English anatomist, 1815-1905. See H.'s line.
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See Virchow-Holder angle.
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A break in the continuity of the sensory retina, permitting separation between the retinal pigment epithelium and sensory retina.
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1. The principle that an organism, or one of its actions, is not equal to merely the sum of its parts but must be perceived or studied as a whole. 2. The approach to the study of a psychological phenomenon through the analysis of a phenomenon as a complete entity in itself. Cf. atomism. [G. holos, entire]
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Pertaining to the characteristics of holism or h. psychologies.
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Mortiz, Austrian surgeon, 1852-1920. See H.'s ligament.
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Franklin, U.S. physiologist, 1899-1966. See H. test.
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Robert W., U.S. ophthalmologist, *1913. See H. plaques, under plaque.
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R. See H. junction, structure.
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A concavity or depression.
Sebileau's h. depression between the inferior aspect of the tongue and the sublingual glands.
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Sir Gordon M., English neurologist, 1876-1965. See H.-Adie pupil, syndrome; Stewart-H. sign.
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Oliver Wendell. American physician, identified the mode of spread and control of puerperal fever, thus saving innumerable young women's lives.
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Thomas, U.S. psychiatrist, *1918. See H.-Rahe questionnaire.
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W. See H.'s stain.
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Emil A., Swedish histologist, 1866-1922. See Holmgrén-Golgi canals, under canal.
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Alarik F., Swedish physiologist, 1831-1897. See H.'s wool test.
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An element of the lanthanide group, atomic no. 67, atomic wt. 164.93032. [L. Holmia, for Stockholm]
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Whole, entire, complete. [G. holos]
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A separate, grossly defective twin lacking a heart of its own, its blood supply being dependent on a shunt from the placental circulation of a more nearly normal twin; a placental parasitic twin or omphalosite. Cf. acardius. [holo- + G. a- priv. + kardia, heart]
h. aceph´alus a h. also lacking a head.
h. amor´phus a h. in which the body of the parasite is represented by only a shapeless mass. See also anideus.
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An enzyme catalyzing transfer of the 4´-phosphopantetheinyl residue from CoA to a serine of apo-ACP (acyl carrier protein) to form holo-ACP, releasing adenosine 3´,5´-bisphosphate; a required step if fatty acid biosynthesis is to function.
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A congenital skull defect in which bones of the vault are absent. [holo- + G. a- priv. + kranion, skull]
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Complete absence of cranium and brain. [holo- + G. an- priv. + enkephalos, brain]
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Denoting the involvement of the entire (isolecithal or moderately telolecithal) ovum in cleavage. [holo- + G. blastos, germ]
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One of several enzymes that biotinylate other proteins (e.g., carboxylases); a deficiency of h.s. will result in organic acidemia.
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Denoting a fetus with a complete head but having deficiencies in other body parts. [holo- + G. kephale, head]
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Relating to the entire spinal cord, extending from the cervico-medullary junction to the conus medullaris.
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See holocrine gland. [holo- + G. krino, to separate]
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Relating to or occupying the entire diastolic period.
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Endemic in the entire population, as trachoma in the villages of Saudi Arabia.
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A complete enzyme, i.e., apoenzyme plus coenzyme, cofactor, metal ion, and/or prosthetic group.
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A congenital malformation in which a cleft extends the entire length of the abdomen. [holo- + G. gaster, belly, + schisis, cleaving]
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A three-dimensional image produced by wavefront reconstruction and recorded on a photographic plate. [holo- + G. gramma, something written]
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The process of creating a hologram.
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Related to characters manifest only in females. [holo- + G. gyne, woman]
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Possessing flagella over the entire surface. [holo- + G. mastix, whip]
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Pertaining to a member of the Holometabola, a series of insect orders in which complex or complete metamorphosis is found. [holo- + G. metabole, change]
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Infectious outbreak due to exposure of a group of persons to an agent that affects or is common to all members of the group. [holo + C. miantos, defiled, fr. miaino. to defile, + -ic]
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Rarely used term for attainment or reestablishment of physical wholeness. [holo- + G. morphosis, shaping]
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Having a plantlike mode of obtaining nourishment; denoting certain photosynthesizing protozoans, e.g., Euglena. [holo- + G. phyton, plant]
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Failure of the forebrain or prosencephalon to divide into hemispheres or lobes; cycloplia occurs in the severest form. It is often accompanied by a deficit in midline facial development. [holo- + G. proso, forward, + enkephalos, brain]
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A complete protein; i.e., apoprotein plus metal ion and/or prosthetic group.
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Spina bifida of the entire spinal column.araphia, rachischisis totalis; [holo- + G. rhachis, spine, + schisis, fissure]
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A compound containing one or more identical glycosidically linked carbohydrates.
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pansystolic
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Holoprosencephaly associated with arrhinencephaly. [holo- + telencephalon]
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A class of highly toxic sulfated steroid glycosides secreted by sea cucumbers (Holothurioidea).
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Possessing cilia over the entire surface. [holo- + G. thrix, hair]
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Animal-like in mode of obtaining nourishment, lacking photosynthetic capacity; denoting certain protozoans, in distinction to others that are holophytic. [holo- + G. zoon, animal]
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Mary, 20th century English cardiologist. See H.-Oram syndrome.
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Norman, U.S. biophysicist, 1914-1983. See H. monitor.
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Carsten, British surgeon, 1810-1901. See H.'s hernia.
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Guido, Austrian radiologist, 1872-1931. See H. unit.
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Having a flattened head. [G. homalos, level, + kephale, head]
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A genus of flies the larvae of which sometimes infect human or animal intestines. [G. homalos, even, + myia, a fly]
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Rarely used term for normal urine flow. [G. homalos, level, + ouron, urine]
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John, U.S. surgeon, 1877-1954. See H.'s sign.
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An anticholinergic, mydriatic, and cycloplegic agent; available as the hydrobromide and the methylbromide.mandelytropine, tropine mandelate;
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Having all the axes alike, as a sphere. [G. homos, the same, + axis]
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Sir Everard, English surgeon, 1756-1832. See H.'s lobe.
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The same, alike. See also homo- (1). [G. homoios, similar]
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Without change in size. [homeo- + G. metron, measure]
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Of similar shape, but not necessarily of the same composition. [homeo- + G. morphe, shape]
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homeopathist
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1. Relating to homeopathy.homeotherapeutic (1) ; 2. Denoting an extremely small dose of a pharmacological agent, such as might be used in homeopathy; more generally, a dose believed to be too small to produce the effect usually expected from that agent. Cf. pharmacologic (2), physiologic (4), supraphysiologic. [homeo- + G. pathos, disease]
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A medical practitioner of homeopathy.homeopath;
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A system of therapy developed by Samuel Hahnemann based on the "law of similia," from the aphorism, similia similibus curantur (likes are cured by likes), which holds that a medicinal substance that can evoke certain symptoms in healthy individuals may be effective in the treatment of illnesses having symptoms closely resembling those produced by the substance. [homeo- + G. pathos, suffering]
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The formation of new tissue of the same character as that already existing in the part.homoioplasia; [homeo- + G. plasis, a molding]
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Relating to or characterized by homeoplasia.
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The set of processes by which imbalances and other defects in ontogeny are corrected before development is completed.ontogenic homeostasis, waddingtonian homeostasis; [homeo- + G. rheos, stream, current]
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Formation of a body part having characteristics normally found in a related or homologous part at another location in the body. [homeo- + G. -osis, condition]
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1. The state of equilibrium (balance between opposing pressures) in the body with respect to various functions and to the chemical compositions of the fluids and tissues. 2. The processes through which such bodily equilibrium is maintained. [homeo- + G. stasis, a standing]
Bernard-Cannon h. the set of mechanisms responsible for the cybernetic adjustment of physiological and biochemical states in postnatal life.physiological h;
genetic h. Lerner h
Lerner h. the restorative mechanisms that tend to correct perturbations in the genetic composition of a population.genetic h;
ontogenic h. homeorrhesis
physiological h. Bernard-Cannon h
waddingtonian h. homeorrhesis
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Relating to homeostasis.
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1. homeopathic (1) 2. Relating to homeotherapy.
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Treatment or prevention of a disease using the principles of homeopathy.
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Any of the animals, including mammals and birds, that tend to maintain a constant body temperature.hematherm, warm-blooded animal; [homeo- + G. thermos, warm]
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homeothermic
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Pertaining to, or having the essential characteristic of, homeotherms. Cf. poikilothermic, heterothermic. hemathermal, hemathermous, hematothermal, homeothermal, homoiothermal, homothermal, warm-blooded;
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Pertaining to or characterized by homeosis.
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Of or resembling the usual type.
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Obsolete term for normal metabolism and its results. [G. homos, same, + ergon, work]
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Having a tendency toward homicide.
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The killing of one human being by another. [L. homo, man, + caedo, to kill]
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A trypanocide used in veterinary medicine.ethidium;
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The Primate family which includes modern man (Homo sapiens) and several groups of fossil men.
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A superfamily of the Primates including the anthropoid apes and man. Divided into the families Pongidae (anthropoid apes) and Hominidae (humans). [L. homo (homin-), man, + G. eidos, form]
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The genus of Primates that includes humans. [L. man]
H. sa´piens modern human beings. [L. wise man]
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1. Combining form meaning the same, alike; opposite of hetero-. See also homeo-. 2. In chemistry, prefix used to indicate insertion of one more carbon atom in a chain (i.e., insertion of a methylene moiety). [G. homos, the same]
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A homolog of arginine having an additional methylene group.
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A compound resembling biotin except for the substitution of an oxygen atom for the sulfur and the presence of an additional CH2 group in the side chain; an active biotin antagonist.
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Developing from a single type of tissue. [homo- + G. blastos, germ]
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N2-(4-Aminobutyryl)-l-histidine;a constituent of the brain formed from l-histidine and gamma-aminobutyric acid.
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An inborn error in metabolism in which homocarnosine levels are elevated, particularly in the cerebral spinal fluid.
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Having the same center; denoting rays that meet at a common focus. Cf. heterocentric (1).
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1-[(4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]hexahydro-4-methyl-1H -1,4-diazepine;an antihistaminic with antiserotonin properties.
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1. synchronous 2. Occurring at the same age in each generation. [homo- + G. chronos, time]
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An inherited disorder associated with elevated urinary levels of homocitrulline.
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Denoting an anastomosis between branches of the same arterial trunk, as distinguished from heterocladic. [homo- + G. klados, a branch]
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HSCH2CH2CH(NH3)+COO-;a homolog of cysteine, produced by the demethylation of methionine, and an intermediate in the biosynthesis of l-cysteine from l-methionine via l-cystathionine.
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The disulfide resulting from the mild oxidation of homocysteine; an analog of cystine.
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Presence of an excess of homocystine in the plasma, as in homocystinuria.
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A disorder characterized by excretion of homocystine in urine, mental retardation, ectopia lentis, sparse blond hair, genu valgum, failure to thrive, thromboembolic episodes, and fatty changes of liver; associated with defective formation of cystathionine synthetase. There are also two other known varieties [MIM*236250 and *236270]. There are a number of inborn errors in metabolism that wil exhibit homocystinuria. It is also seen in certain types of methylmalonic acidemia.
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Having an affinity for cells of the same or a closely related species. [homo- + G. kytos, cell, + trope, a turning toward]
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Having teeth all alike in form, as those of the lower vertebrates, in contrast to heterodont. [homo- + G. odous, tooth]
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Moving in the same direction. [homo- + G. dromos, running]
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See homeo-.
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homosexuality [homo- + G. eros, love]
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Producing only one type of gamete with respect to sex chromosomes; in humans and most animals, the female is h.monogametic; [homo- + G. gametikos, connubial]
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Similarity of husband and wife in a specific trait. [homo- + G. gamos, marriage]
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Tissue ground into a creamy consistency in which the cell structure is disintegrated (so-called "cell-free"). Cf. brei.
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Of uniform structure or composition throughout. [homo- + G. genos, race]
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Production of offspring similar to the parents, in contrast to heterogenesis.homogeny; [homo- + G. genesis, production]
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The process by which a material is made homogeneous.
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To make homogeneous.
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Having a structural similarity because of descent from a common ancestor. Commonly confused with homogeneous. [homo- + G. genos, family, kind]
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An iron-containing enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the benzene ring in homogentisic acid by O2, forming 4-maleylacetoacetate; an absence or deficiency of this enzyme will result in alcaptonuria.homogentisic acid oxidase;
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Glycosuric acid; (2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid;an intermediate in l-phenylalanine and l-tyrosine catabolism; if made alkaline, it oxidizes rapidly in air to a quinone that polymerizes to a melanin-like material; elevated levels are observed in individuals having alcaptonuria.alcapton, alkapton;
h.a. oxidase homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
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homogenesis
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A polysaccharide consisting of only one type of monosaccharide subunit (e.g., glucan). Cf. heteroglycan, glycan.
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allograft rejection
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homeoplasia
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homeothermic
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Genetically identical multiple nuclei in a common cytoplasm, usually resulting from fusion of two cells from the same species. [homo- + G. karyon, kernel, nut]
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Exhibiting the properties of a homokaryon.
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Corneal transplant between members of the same species.
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ipsilateral [homo- + L. latus, side]
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Lipids containing only C, H, and O. Cf. heterolipids. simple lipids;
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A member of a homologous pair or series. [homo- + G. logos, word, ratio, relation]
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Corresponding or alike in certain critical attributes. 1. In biology or zoology, denoting organs or parts corresponding in evolutionary origin and similar to some extent in structure, but not necessarily similar in function. 2. In chemistry, denoting a single chemical series, differing by fixed increments. 3. In genetics, denoting chromosomes or chromosome parts identical with respect to their construction and genetic content. 4. In immunology, denoting serum or tissue derived from members of a single species, or an antibody with respect to the antigen that produced it. [see homologue]
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The state of being homologous.
h. of chains the degree of similarity between the base sequences of strands of two DNAs.h. of strands;
DNA h. the degree (or percentage) of hybridization capable between the DNA of different microorganisms.
h. of strands h. of chains
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A sensitizing hemolytic antibody (hemolysin) formed as the result of stimulation by an antigen derived from an animal of the same species. [homo- + hemolysin]
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Lysis of red blood cells by a homolysin and complement.
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Denoting two or more structures of similar size and shape. [homo- + G. morphe, shape, appearance]
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Denoting parts, having similar form and structure, arranged in a series, as the fingers or toes. [G. homonemos, under the same laws, fr. homos, same, + nomos, law]
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The condition of being homonomous.
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Denoting a cell line that retains the original chromosome complement.
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Having the same name or expressed in the same terms, e.g., the corresponding halves (right or left, superior or inferior) of the retinas. [G. homonymous, of the same name, fr. onyma, name]
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Words in which the visible organs of speech behave the same, e.g., tug, tongue, tuck.
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Denoting an antibody that reacts only with the specific antigen which induced its formation. [homo- + G. philos, fond]
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Similar in form and structure, but not in origin. [homo- + G. plastos, formed]
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Repair of a defect by a homograft.
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A polymer composed of a series of identical radicals; e.g., polylysine, poly(adenylic acid), polyglucose.
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pipecolic acid
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(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid;an isomer of homogentisic acid found in urine; a degradation product of l-tyrosine, l-dopa, and hydroxytyramine.
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Produced by the same organs, or by homologous organs.
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3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl salicylate;an ultraviolet screening agent for topical application to the skin.
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Constancy of the variance of a measure over the levels of the factor under study.
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HOCH2CH2CH(NH2+)COO-; 2-amino-4-hydroxybutyric acid;a hydroxyamino acid differing from serine in the possession of an additional CH2 group; formed in the conversion of l-methionine to l-cysteine.
h. deaminase cystathionine gamma-lyase
h. dehydratase cystathionine gamma-lyase
h. lactone the cyclic ester (i.e., the delta-lactone) of h.; formed by the reaction of cyanogen bromide on methionyl residues in peptides and proteins.
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1. Relating to or characteristic of homosexuality. 2. One whose interests and behavior are characteristic of homosexuality. See Gay, lesbian.
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Erotic attraction, predisposition, or activity, including sexual congress, between individuals of the same sex, especially past puberty.homoerotism, homoeroticism;
ego-dystonic h. a psychological or psychiatric disorder in which an individual experiences persistent distress associated with same-sex preference and a strong need to change the behavior or, at least, to alleviate the distress associated with the h.
female h. erotic predisposition, or activity, including sexual congress, between two women past the age of puberty.
latent h. an erotic inclination toward members of the same sex not consciously experienced or expressed in overt action, as opposed to overt h. Use of this term is disappearing because of both its potentially iatrogenic effect and the inability to validate the phenomenon by techniques outside of psychoanalytic theory.unconscious h;
male h. erotic predisposition, or activity, including sexual congress, between two men, past the age of puberty.
overt h. homosexual inclinations consciously experienced and expressed in actual homosexual behavior.
unconscious h. latent h
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A steroid in which the D ring is made up of six carbon atoms instead of the usual five.
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A steroid that has had at least one of the rings in its structure expanded.
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mafenide
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In fungi, denoting a kind of sexual reproduction in which a nucleus of a thallus is capable of fusing with another nucleus from the same thallus or mating type. Cf. heterothallic. [homo- + G. thallos, a young shoot]
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homeothermic [homo- + G. therme, heat]
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Of uniform tension or tonus.
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Pertaining to or occurring at the same place or part of the body. [homo- + G. topos, place]
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allotransplantation
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Referring to the binding of the same ligand to a macromolecule; e.g., the binding of four O2 to hemoglobin is homotropic cooperativity.
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Any part or organ of the same structure or function as another, especially as one on the opposite side of the body. [homo- + G. typos, type]
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Of the same type or form; corresponding to the other one of two paired organs or parts.
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A phenol found in human urine; produced through the methylation of homoprotocatechuic acid on the meta-OH group.
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Relating to the same animal or the same species of animal. [homo- + G. zoikos, relating to an animal]
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The state of being homozygous. [homo- + G. zygon, yoke]
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A homozygous individual. [homo- + G. zygotos, yoke]
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Having identical genes at one or more loci.
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Possessing two genes at a given locus that are descended from a single source, as may occur in consanguineous mating.
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1. An exceedingly minute body which, according to the views of development held by medical scientists of the 16th and 17th centuries, was contained in a sex cell. From this preformed but infinitely small structure the human body was supposed to be developed. See also preformation theory, animalcule. 2. The figure of a human sometimes superimposed on pictures of the surface of the brain to represent the motor or sensory regions of the body represented there. [L. dim. of homo, man]
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cascara amara
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Clarified h., a saccharine substance deposited in the honeycomb by the honeybee, Apis mellifera; used as an excipient, as a flavor in gargles and cough remedies, and as a food.mel (1) ; [A.S. hunig]
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1. In medical terms, a sound that can be likened to the call of a goose. 2. Sometimes specifically used to denote a sound of laryngeal origin which is often due to redundant vocal cords vibrating in a forced expiration, due to a congenital vascular ring surrounding the trachea or larynx. [echoic]
systolic h. a somewhat musical systolic murmur likened to the honking of a goose; sometimes of innocent but unexplained origin, at other times a sign of mitral insufficiency.systolic whoop;
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The anterior part of the integument of soft ticks (family Argasidae) that extends over the capitulum and forms the roof of the camerostome. [O.E. hod, hat]
dorsal h. extensor digital expansion
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The horny covering of the ends of the digits or feet in many animals; it consists, like nails and horns, of thickened and modified epidermis or cuticle. [A.S. hof]
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1. An instrument curved or bent near its tip, used for fixation of a part or traction. 2. A hooklike structure. [A.S. hok]
calvarial h. an instrument used in prying off the top of the skull after it has been sawed around, at autopsies and dissections.
h. of hamate bone a hooklike process on the distal and medial part of the palmar surface of the hamate bone.hamulus ossis hamati [NA] ;
palate h. an instrument for pulling forward the soft palate in order to facilitate posterior rhinoscopy.
sliding h. a movable attachment used on an orthodontic wire for the application of elastic traction or headgear force.
h. of spiral lamina hamulus of spiral lamina
squint h. a surgical instrument used to lift ocular muscles.
tracheotomy h. right-angled h. used in holding the trachea steady during tracheotomy.
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Robert, British experimental physicist, 1635-1703. See hookean behavior; H.'s law.
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Charles W. See H.-Forbes test.
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1. Clawlike, retractile chitinous hooks that encircle or line the rostellum of the scolex of certain taenioid tapeworms for attachment to the intestinal mucosa, with the additional aid of suckers; the h.'s can be withdrawn and the rostellum inverted when the tapeworm moves. Various arrangements and forms of the h.'s characterize the families of taenioid cestodes. 2. H.'s of degenerated scoleces of Echinococcus species in the fluids of the hydatid cyst. 3. The h.'s of the oncosphere, by which it claws out of its membrane sheath after hatching and penetrates the host gut wall; these h.'s can later be found in the cercomer of the procercoid or cysticercoid.
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Common name for bloodsucking nematodes of the family Ancyclostomatidae, chiefly members of the genera Ancylostoma (the Old World hookworm), Necator, and Uncinaria, and including the species A. caninum (dog h.) and N. americanus (New World h.).
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verminous bronchitis
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Charles F., U.S. physician, 1865-1927. See H.'s signs, under sign.
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Sir Frederick G., English biochemist and Nobel laureate, 1861-1947. See Benedict-H.-Cole reagent.
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A species of flea parasitic on ground squirrels of the western U.S., and a vector of plague. [G. hoplo, tool, weapon, + psyll, flea]
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Carl M., German rhinologist, 1849-1925. See H.'s papilloma, polyp.
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humulus
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Long-lasting intractable hiccups that persist for months or years. [hoque, Fr., hiccough]
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Abbreviation for L. hora decubitus, at bedtime.
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A biogenic amine first isolated from barley; increases blood pressure.anhaline; [L. hordeum, barley, + -in]
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A suppurative inflammation of a gland of the eyelid. [Mod. L., hordeolus, a sty in the eye, dim. of hordeum, barley]
h. exter´num inflammation of the sebaceous gland of an eyelash.sty, stye;
h. inter´num an acute purulent infection of a meibomian (tarsal) gland.acute chalazion, h. meibomianum, meibomian sty;
h. meibomia´num h. internum
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Bernard L., U.S. biochemist, *1914. See Warburg-Dickens-Horecker shunt.
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Marrubium vulgare (family Labitae); bitter principle is marrubium, a volatile oil. A compound alleged to have expectorant properties and often found in cough drops and other patent medicines. [O.E. har, hoary, + hune, herb]
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Horizontal, referring to the plane of the body, perpendicular to the vertical plane, at right angles both to the median and coronal planes, that separates the body into upper and lower parts. [L.]
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The stimulating effect of subinhibitory concentrations of any toxic substance on any organism. [Gr. hormesis, rapid motion]
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A craniometric point at the junction of the posterior border of the vomer with the sphenoid bone. [G. hormos, cord, chain, necklace]
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Referring to a class of Cyanobacteria in which the cells grow in filaments.
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Pertaining to hormones.
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A chemical substance, formed in one organ or part of the body and carried in the blood to another organ or part; depending on the specificity of their effects, h.'s can alter the functional activity, and sometimes the structure, of just one organ or of various numbers of them. A number of h.'s are formed by ductless glands, but secretin and pancreozymin, formed in the gastrointestinal tract, by definition are also h.'s. For h.'s not listed below, see specific names. [G. hormon, pres. part. of hormao, to rouse or set in motion]
adipokinetic h. adipokinin
adrenal androgen-stimulating h. (AASH) a putative pituitary h. that may be responsible for increased secretion of adrenal androgens at the time of puberty.
adrenocortical h.'s h.'s secreted by the human adrenal cortex; e.g., cortisol, aldosterone, corticosterone.
adrenocorticotropic h. (ACTH) the h. of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis which governs the nutrition and growth of the adrenal cortex, stimulates it to functional activity, and also possesses extraadrenal adipokinetic activity; it is a polypeptide containing 39 amino acids, but exact structure varies from one species to another; sometimes prefixed by a to distinguish it from beta-corticotropin. The first thirteen amino acids at the N-terminal region are identical to a-melanotropin.adrenocorticotropin, adrenotropic h., adrenotropin, corticotropic h., corticotropin (1) ;
adrenomedullary h.'s h.'s produced by the adrenal medulla, particularly the catecholamines, epinephrin, and norepinephrine.
adrenotropic h. adrenocorticotropic h
androgenic h. any h. that produces a masculinizing effect; of the naturally occurring androgenic h.'s, testosterone is the most potent.
anterior pituitary-like h. chorionic gonadotropin
antidiuretic h. (ADH) vasopressin
cardiac h. herz h
chorionic gonadotropic h. , chorionic gonadotrophic h. chorionic gonadotropin
chorionic "growth h.-prolactin" (CGP) human placental lactogen
chromatophorotropic h. See melanotropin.
corpus luteum h. progesterone
cortical h.'s steroid h.'s produced by the adrenal cortex.
corticotropic h. adrenocorticotropic h
corticotropin releasing h. (CRH) a factor secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic h.corticoliberin, corticotropin releasing factor (2) ;
ectopic h. a h. formed by tissue outside the normal endocrine site of production; e.g., adrenocorticotropic h. produced by a bronchogenic carcinoma.inappropriate h;
endocrine h.'s h.'s produced by the endocrine system. Cf. tissue h.'s.
erythropoietic h. 1. generally, any h. that promotes the formation of red blood cells, e.g., testosterone; 2. erythropoietin
estrogenic h. estradiol
follicle-stimulating h. (FSH) follitropin
follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing h. (FSH-RH) folliberin
follicular h. estrone
galactopoietic h. prolactin
gametokinetic h. follitropin
gastrointestinal h. any secretion of the gastrointestinal mucosa affecting the timing and quantity of various digestive secretions (e.g., secretin) or causing enhanced motility of the target organ (e.g., cholecystokinin).
gonadal h.'s sex h.'s
gonadotropic h. gonadotropin
gonadotropin-releasing h. (GnRH, GRH) gonadoliberin (1)
growth h. (GH) somatotropin
growth hormone inhibiting h. (GIH) somatostatin
growth h.-releasing h. (GHRH, GH-RH) somatoliberin
heart h. herz h
herz h. a substance present in extracts of cardiac tissue that augments cardiac contraction; possibly adenosine, a catecholamine, or some nonspecific stimulant present generally in tissues.cardiac h., heart h;
human chorionic somatomammotropic h. (HCS) human placental lactogen
hypophysiotropic h. a h. that stimulates the rate of secretion of hypophysial h.'s; e.g., a releasing factor.
inappropriate h. ectopic h
interstitial cell-stimulating h. lutropin
lactation h. prolactin
lactogenic h. prolactin
lipid-mobilizing h. lipotropin
lipotropic h. (LPH) , lipotropic pituitary h. lipotropin
local h. a metabolic product secreted by one set of cells that affects the function of nearby cells; an autacoid; e.g., prostaglandins and neurotransmitters.
luteinizing h. (LH) lutropin
luteinizing h.-releasing h. (LH-RH, LRH) luliberin
luteotropic h. (LTH) luteotropin
mammotropic h. prolactin
melanocyte-stimulating h. (MSH) melanotropin
melanotropin release-inhibiting h. (MIH) melanostatin
melanotropin-releasing h. (MRH) melanoliberin
neurohypophysial h.'s h.'s produced in the hypothalamus; e.g., oxytocin, vasopressin.
ovarian hormone relaxin
pancreatic hyperglycemic h. glucagon
parathyroid h. (PTH) a peptide h. formed by the parathyroid glands; it raises the serum calcium when administered parenterally by causing bone resorption.parathormone, parathyrin;
pituitary gonadotropic h. anterior pituitary gonadotropin
pituitary growth h. somatotropin
placental growth h. human placental lactogen
pregnancy h. progesterone
progestational h. progesterone
prolactin-inhibiting h. (PIH) prolactostatin
prolactin-releasing h. prolactoliberin
proparathyroid h. the immediate precursor of parathyroid h.; proparathyroid differs from parathyroid h. by an N-terminal hexapeptide extension.
releasing h. (RH) releasing factors
salivary gland h. parotin
sex h.'s a general term covering those steroid h.'s that are formed by testicular, ovarian, and adrenocortical tissues, and that are androgens or estrogens.gonadal h.'s;
somatotropic h. (STH) somatotropin
somatotropin release-inhibiting h. (SIH) somatostatin
somatotropin-releasing h. (SRH) somatoliberin
steroid h.'s those h.'s possessing the steroid ring system; e.g., androgens, estrogens, adrenocortical h.'s.
sympathetic h. sympathin
thyroid-stimulating h. (TSH) thyrotropin
thyrotropic h. thyrotropin
thyrotropin-releasing h. (TRH) thyroliberin
tissue h.'s h.'s synthesized by cells other than those in the endocrine system. Cf. endocrine h.'s.
tropic h.'s , trophic h.'s those h.'s of the anterior lobe of the pituitary that affect the growth, nutrition, or function of other endocrine glands.
vertebrate h.'s h.'s synthesized in vertebrates.
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The formation of hormones.hormonopoiesis;
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Pertaining to the formation of a hormone.hormonopoietic;
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hormonogenesis [hormone + G. poiesis, production]
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hormonogenic
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Obsolete term meaning partial or total deprivation of hormones. [hormone + G. privus, deprived of]
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Treatment with hormones.
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Any structure resembling a horn in shape.cornu (1) ; [A.S.]
Ammon's h. one of the two interlocking gyri composing the hippocampus, the other being the dentate gyrus.cornu ammonis; [G. Ammon, the Egyptian deity Amun]
anterior h. 1. the anterior or frontal division of the lateral ventricle of the brain, extending forward from Monro's interventricular foramen; See lateral ventricle. 2. the anterior or ventral gray column of the spinal cord as appearing in cross section. See also anterior column, gray columns, under column.cornu anterius [NA], ventral h;
cicatricial h. a keratinous h. projecting outward from a scar.
coccygeal h. coccygeal cornua, under cornu
cutaneous h. a protruding keratotic growth of the skin; the base may show changes of actinic keratosis or carcinoma.cornu cutaneum, warty h;
frontal h. See inferior h. of lateral ventricle, inferior h.
greater h. of hyoid bone the larger and more lateral of the two processes on either side of the hyoid bone.cornu majus ossis hyoidei [NA] ;
h.'s of hyoid bone See greater h. of hyoid bone, lesser h. of hyoid bone.
iliac h. bony spur of posterior part of ilium, often found in nail-patella syndrome.
inferior h. a lower or downward prolongation of a part or structure of the body.cornu inferius [NA] ;
inferior h. of falciform margin of saphenous opening the lower part of the falciform margin of the opening in the fascia lata through which the greater saphenous vein passes.cornu inferius marginalis falciformis hiatus sapheni [NA] ;
inferior h. of lateral ventricle the part of the lateral ventricle extending downward and forward into the medial part of the temporal lobe. See lateral ventricle.cornu inferius ventriculi lateralis [NA], temporal h;
inferior h. of thyroid cartilage one of the pair of downward prolongations at the back of the thyroid cartilage; it articulates on each side with the cricoid cartilage.cornu inferius cartilaginis thyroideae [NA] ;
lateral h. the small lateral gray column of the spinal cord as appearing in transverse section containing the interomedial cell column. See also gray columns, under column.cornu laterale [NA] ;
lesser h. of hyoid bone the shorter and more medial of the two processes on either side of the hyoid bone.cornu minus ossis hyoidei [NA], styloid cornu;
nail h. obsolete term for overgrown nail.
occipital h. posterior h
posterior h. the posterior or occipital division of the lateral ventricle of the brain, extending backward into the occipital lobe; the posterior gray column of the spinal cord as appearing in cross section.cornu posterius ventriculi lateralis [NA], cornu posterius, cornua of spinal cord, occipital h;
pulp h. a prolongation of the pulp extending toward the cusp of a tooth.
sacral h.'s sacral cornua, under cornu
h.'s of saphenous opening See inferior h. of falciform margin of saphenous opening, superior h. of falciform margin of saphenous opening.
sebaceous h. a solid outgrowth from a sebaceous cyst.
superior h. of falciform margin of saphenous opening the upper part of the falciform margin of the opening in the fascia lata through which the greater saphenous vein passes.cornu superius marginalis falciformis [NA], Burns' falciform process, Burns' ligament, Hey's ligament;
superior h. of thyroid cartilage one of the pair of upward prolongations from the thyroid cartilage to which the lateral hyothyroid ligament attaches.cornu superius cartilaginis thyroideae [NA] ;
temporal h. inferior h. of lateral ventricle
h.'s of thyroid cartilage See inferior h. of thyroid cartilage, superior h. of thyroid cartilage.
uterine h. , h. of uterus cornu uteri
ventral h. anterior h
warty h. cutaneous h
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Johann F., Swiss ophthalmologist, 1831-1886. See H.'s syndrome, pupil; Bernard-H. syndrome; H.-Trantas dots, under dot.
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William E., U.S. anatomist, 1793-1853. See H.'s muscle, teeth, under tooth.
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keratinization
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Of the nature or structure of horn.corneous, keratic, keratinous (2), keratoid (1), keroid;
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The sum of the points in space, the images of which for a given fixation point fall on corresponding retinal points. If the fixation point is 2 meters, the horopter is a straight line; if less, a curve concave to the face; if more, a convex curve. [G. horos, limit, + opter, spy, scout, fr. orao, fut. opsomai, to see]
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Erection of the fine hairs on contraction of the arrectores pilorum. [L. horreo, to bristle, + pilus, hair]
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Dread; fear. [L.]
h. autotox´icus a term introduced by Ehrlich, meaning that immunity is directed against foreign materials but not against the constituents of one's own body; exceptions to this concept are the autoallergic reactions and diseases. [L., dread of self-poisoning]
h. fusio´nis simultaneous projection into consciousness of retinal images so different that fusion is impossible.macular evasion; [L., dread of intermingling]
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See Tabanus, Anthomyia canicularis.
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A unit of power, 550 foot-pounds per second, or 745.700 watts.
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A disease, now rare, that usually appears as typical eruptions, first papular, then vesicular, in the mouth or on the lips and buccal mucosa, sometimes on the skin of the fetlocks; caused by the horsepox virus, a member of the family Poxviridae.
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Frank L., Jr., U.S. physician, 1906-1971. See Tamm-H. mucoprotein, protein.
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Sir Victor A.H., English surgeon, 1857-1916. See H.'s bone wax.
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Abbreviation for L. hora somni, before sleep, at bedtime.
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Pio del Rio, Spanish neurohistologist in South America, 1882-1945. See H. cells, under cell; H.'s neuroglia stain.
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Bayard T., U.S. physician, *1895. See H.'s arteritis, cephalalgia, headache.
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An institution that provides a centralized program of palliative and supportive services to dying persons and their families, in the form of physical, psychological, social, and spiritual care; such services are provided by an interdisciplinary team of professionals and volunteers who are available at home and in specialized inpatient settings. [L. hospitium, hospitality, lodging, fr. hospes, guest]
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An institution for the treatment, care, and cure of the sick and wounded, for the study of disease, and for the training of physicians, nurses, and allied health personnel. [L. hospitalis, for a guest, fr. hospes (hospit-), a host, a guest]
base h. a h. unit located in a military or recreational encampment; usually of small size and limited facilities, for immediate care of illnesses and injuries.camp h;
camp h. base h
closed h. a h. that restricts membership on its attending or consulting staff, and thereby limits who may admit and treat patients.
day h. a special facility, or an arrangement within a h. setting, that enables the patient to come to the h. for treatment during the day and return home or to another facility at night. Cf. night h.
general h. any large civilian h. that is equipped to care for medical, surgical, maternity, and psychiatric cases, and usually has a resident medical staff.
government h. a h. administered by officials of the city, county, state, or nation.public h;
group h. a private h. organized and controlled by a group of physicians and restricted to the reception and care of their own patients.
maternity h. a special h. for the care of women in childbirth.
mental h. a medical institution for the care and treatment of persons with psychiatric and psychologic disorders.
municipal h. a government h. administered by city officials.
night h. a special facility, or an arrangement within a h. setting, providing treatment and lodging at night for patients able to work in the community during the day. Cf. day h.
open h. a h. where all physicians, not members of the regular staff, are permitted to send their patients and control their treatment.
philanthropic h. voluntary h
private h. 1. a h. similar to a group h. except that it is controlled by a single practitioner or by the practitioner and the associates in his or her office; 2. a h. operated for profit.proprietary h;
proprietary h. private h
public h. government h
special h. a h. for the medical and surgical care of patients with specific types of diseases, as of the ear, nose, and throat, eyes, or mental illness.
state h. a h. supported in part by taxpayers and administered by state government officials.
teaching h. a h. that also functions as a formal center of learning for the training of physicians, nurses, and allied health personnel.
Veterans Administration h. a h. operated at federal government expense and administered by the Veterans Administration for care of veterans of U.S. wars and retired military personnel.
voluntary h. a h. supported in part by voluntary contributions and under the control of a local, usually self-appointed, board of managers; a non-profit h.philanthropic h;
weekend h. a special facility, or an arrangement within a h. setting, which enables a patient to work in the community during the work week and receive treatment in the hospital during the weekend.
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The second stage of a depression observed in the first year of human life, following anaclitic depression, characterized by stupor and a wasting away; usually caused by prolonged hospitalization in which an infant is separated from his or her mother or a mothering influence. See anaclitic, anaclitic depression.
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Confinement in a hospital as a patient for diagnostic study and treatment.
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The organism in or on which a parasite lives, deriving its body substance or energy from the h. [L. hospes, a host]
accidental h. one that harbors an organism which usually does not infect it.
amplifier h. a h. in which infectious agents multiply rapidly to high levels, providing an important source of infection for vectors in vector-borne diseases.
dead-end h. a h. from which infectious agents are not transmitted to other susceptible h.'s.
definitive h. one in which a parasite reaches the adult or sexually mature stage.final h;
final h. definitive h
intermediate h. , intermediary h. 1. one in which larval or developmental stages occur; 2. a host through which a microorganism can pass or which contains an asexual stage of a parasite.secondary h;
paratenic h. an intermediate h. in which no development of the parasite occurs, although its presence may be required as an essential link in the completion of the parasite's life cycle; e.g., the successive fish h.'s that carry the plerocercoid of Diphyllobothrium latum, the broad fish tapeworm, to larger food fish eventually eaten by man or other final h.'s.transport h;
reservoir h. the h. of an infection in which the infectious agent multiplies and/or develops, and upon which the agent is dependent for survival in nature; the h. essential for the maintenance of the infection during times when active transmission is not occurring.
secondary h. intermediate h
transport h. paratenic h
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ignipedites
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A form of stammering. [D. fr. Hottentot, (D. hateren to stammer, tateren to stutter), a people in South Africa named by the Dutch for the sounds of their speech]
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Godfrey N., British electronics engineer, *1919. Developed first practical computed tomography device, the EMI scanner; received the Nobel prize in Medicine in 1979 jointly with physicist A. M. Cormack. See H. unit, number.
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See Musca, Fannia.
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An intern or resident employed by a hospital to provide service to patients while receiving training in a medical specialty.
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Bernardo A., Argentinian physiologist and Nobel laureate, 1887-1971. See H. animal, phenomenon, syndrome.
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John, Irish physician, 1802-1845. See H.'s folds, under fold, muscle, valves, under valve.
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Jacob, Dutch ophthalmologist, 1710-1786. See canal of H.
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John Eager, U.S. internist and endocrinologist, 1902-1985. See H. test; Ellsworth-H. test.
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William, U.S. physiologist, 1860-1945. See H. unit; H.-Jolly bodies, under body.
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John, British surgeon, 1781-1841. See H.'s lacunae, under lacuna; Romberg-H. symptom.
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Heinrich F., Polish anatomist and histologist, 1834-1907. See H.'s anastomoses, under anastomosis, canals, under canal; Sucquet-H. canals, under canal.
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Abbreviation for haptoglobin.
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Abbreviation for human placental lactogen.
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Abbreviation for high-pressure liquid chromatography; high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Abbreviation for human papilloma virus.
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Symbol for ubiquinol.
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Abbreviation for high resolution computed tomography.
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Abbreviation for L. hora somni, before sleep, at bedtime.
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Abbreviation for heat shock proteins, under protein.
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Abbreviation for herpes simplex virus.
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Abbreviation for 5-hydroxytryptamine.
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Abbreviation for total hyperopia.
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Behring's term for the hemolytic constituent of tetanus toxin.
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Abbreviation for human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus.
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Abbreviation for T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I; human lymphotropic virus, type 1.
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Abbreviation for T-cell lymphotrophic virus type II; human lymphotropic virus, type 2.
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Abbreviation for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III. See human immunodeficiency virus.
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Abbreviation for dihydrouridine.
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Ambrosius A.W., Dutch zoologist and comparative anatomist, 1853-1915. See H.'s protochordal knot.
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See under stain.
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Arthur Cyril, British ophthalmologist, 1875-1962. See H.-Stähli line.
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One of the three qualities of color; that property by which colors of the spectrum are distinguished from each other and from grays or similar brightness; determined by the wavelength or a combination of wavelengths of light.
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Alexander F., German anatomist, 1802-1842. See H.'s ligament.
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G.J., Dutch physician, *1879. See Pelger-Huët nuclear anomaly.
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Karl, German surgeon, 1838-1882. See H.'s maneuver, sign.
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Carl Gustav von, German physician, 1840-1908. See H.'s equation.
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Charles B., Canadian-U.S. surgeon and Nobel laureate, 1901-1994. See H.'s operation.
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Pierre C., French surgeon, 1804-1873. See H.'s canal, circle, sinus.
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Max, U.S. urologist, 1873-1947. See H. test.
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Edgar, 20th century U.S. cardiologist.
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A low continuous murmur. [echoic]
venous h. brief or continuous noise originating from the neck veins that may be confused with cardiac murmurs, particularly with the continuous murmur of patent ductus arteriosus.bruit de diable, nun's murmur;
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Human Genome Project
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a comprehensive effort by molecular biologists worldwide to map the human genome, which consists of about 100,000 genes, or 3 billion DNA base pairs.Human Genome Initiative; This is a comprehensive effort by molecular biologists worldwide to map the human genome, which consists of about 100,000 genes, or 3 billion DNA base pairs. Sequencing the DNA in all 46 chromosomes is expected to take some 15 years and cost at least $3 billion. Initially, a map of DNA markers will be produced; in 1992 a French laboratory announced it had already carried out this process for 28% of the human genome. The regions between the markers will then be filled in. Supporters of the controversial project argue that mapping the genome will not only further basic understanding of human genetics, but also provide information that will contribute to prevention of inherited disease and perhaps, through gene therapy, lead to treatment of genetic ailments. Critics have countered that DNA sequencing is only a first step to understanding the role of genes in health, mentality, and behavior. Furthermore, the supposedly comprehensive map will be a highly idealized version of the human genome, which varies considerably across populations and among individuals. The wholesale sequencing of the genome would not be possible without the automated method of gene sequencing, invented by Leroy Hood.
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1. Moistening. 2. A substance used to obtain a moistening effect (e.g., glycerin solution).
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1. Therapeutic application of moisture. 2. Serous infiltration of the tissues. 3. Soaking of a crude drug in water preparatory to the making of an extract. [L. humecto, pp. -mectus, to moisten, fr. humeo, to be damp]
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Relating to the humerus.
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Relating to both humerus and radius; denoting especially the ratio of length of one to the other.
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Relating to both humerus and scapula.
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Relating to both humerus and ulna; denoting especially the ratio of length of one to the other.
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The bone of the arm, articulating with the scapula above and the radius and ulna below. [L. shoulder]
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Moisture or dampness, as of the air. [L. humiditas, dampness]
absolute h. the mass of water vapor actually present per unit volume of gas or air.
relative h. the actual amount of water vapor present in the air or in a gas, divided by the amount necessary for saturation at the same temperature and pressure; expressed as a percentage.
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An insoluble brownish residue obtained upon acid hydrolysis of protein.
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Eduard K.M.J., German ophthalmologist, 1868-1952. See H.'s operation.
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1. [NA] Any clear fluid or semifluid hyaline anatomical substance. 2. One of the elemental body fluids that were the basis of the physiologic and pathologic teachings of the hippocratic school: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. See also humoral doctrine. [L. correctly, umor, liquid]
aqueous h. the watery fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is secreted by the ciliary processes within the posterior chambers and passes through the the pupil into the anterior chamber where it filters through the trabecular meshwork and is reabsorbed into the venous system at the iridocorneal angle by way of the sinus venosus of the sclera;h. aquosus [NA], intraocular fluid;
h. aquo´sus [NA] aqueous h
Morgagni's h. Morgagni's liquor
ocular h. one of the two h.'s of the eye: aqueous and vitreous.
peccant humors based on the historic humoral theory of disease, such h.'s or deranged fluids in the body were regarded as the direct causes of various illnesses.
vitreous h. the fluid component of the vitreous body, with which it is often erroneausly equated.h. vitreus [NA] ;
h. vit´reus [NA] vitreous h
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Relating to a humor in any sense.
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humoral doctrine [L. umor, humor, moisture]
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A rounded protuberance or bulge.
buffalo h. buffalo type
dowager's h. postmenopausal cervical kyphosis of older women.
Hampton's h. a juxtapleural pulmonary soft tissue density on a chest radiograph, convex toward the hilum, usually at the costophrenic angle; described as a manifestation of pulmonary infarction.
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Nonmedical term for kyphosis or gibbus.
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Sir George M., English surgeon, 1820-1896. See H.'s ligament.
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lupulin
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The dried fruits (strobiles) of Humulus lupulus (family Moraceae), a climbing herb of central and northern Asia, Europe, and North America; an aromatic bitter, mildly sedative, and a diuretic; primarily used in the brewing industry for giving aroma and flavor to beer.hops; [Mediev. L.]
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Nonmedical term for kyphosis or gibbus.
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1. A desire or need for food. 2. Any appetite, strong desire, or craving. [A.S.]
affect h. emotional h. for maternal love and feelings of protection and care implied in the mother-child relationship.
narcotic h. the physiological craving for narcotics.
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Guy L., U.S. surgeon, 1868-1957. See H.'s stricture, ulcer; Fenwick-H. ulcer.
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William E., U.S. neurosurgeon, *1921. See Tolosa-H. syndrome.
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James Ramsay, U.S. neurologist, 1872-1937. See H.'s atrophy, neuralgia, paradoxical phenomenon, syndrome; Ramsay H. syndrome.
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William, English pathologist, 1861-1937. See H.'s glossitis.
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William, Scottish anatomist and obstetrician, 1718-1783. See H.'s ligament, line, membrane.
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John, Scottish surgeon, anatomist, physiologist and pathologist, 1728-1793. See H.'s canal, gubernaculum, operation; H.-Schreger bands, under band, lines, under line.
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Charles, Canadian physician, 1872-1955. See H.'s syndrome.
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The oscillation of a controlled variable, such as the temperature of a thermostat, around its set point. See hunting reaction.
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George, U.S. physician, 1850-1916. See H.'s chorea, disease.
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Gertrud, Austrian pediatrician, 1889-1965. See H.'s disease, syndrome; Pfaundler-H. syndrome.
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Arthur Frederick (born Hertz), English physician, 1879-1944.
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Karl W., German histologist, 1860-1945. See H. cell, cell adenoma, cell carcinoma, cell tumor.
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Emil, German anatomist, 1797-1858. See H.'s cartilages, under cartilage, foramen, auditory teeth, under tooth, valve.
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verminous bronchitis
psyllium h. the h. of the dried ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, P. ovata, and P. arenaria (family Plantaginaceae). The h.'s swell on exposure to water and provide an indigestible mucilaginous mass in the intestines. Used as a bulk laxative and lubricant.
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Sir Jonathan, British surgeon, 1828-1913. See H.'s facies, freckle, mask, crescentic notch, patch, pupil, teeth, under tooth, triad; H.-Gilford disease, syndrome.
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Sir Robert, English pediatrician, 1871-1960. See H. syndrome.
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Thomas, English biologist, physiologist, and comparative anatomist, 1825-1895. See H.'s layer, membrane, sheath.
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Christian, Dutch physicist, 1629-1695. See H.'s ocular, principle.
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Abbreviation for half-value.
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Abbreviation for homovanillic acid.
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Abbreviation for half-value layer.
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See hyalo-.
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A clear, eosinophilic, homogeneous substance occurring in degeneration; e.g., in arteriolar walls in arteriolar sclerosis and in glomerular tufts in diabetic glomerulosclerosis. [G. hyalos, glass]
alcoholic h. Mallory bodies, under body
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lipoid proteinosis
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Relating to transparent or colorless hyphae or other fungal structures.hyaloid; [G. hyalos, glass]
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The formation of hyalin.
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hyaline degeneration, especially that of relatively extensive degree.
systemic h. juvenile hyalin fibromatosis
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The excretion of hyalin or casts of hyaline material in the urine. [hyalin + G. ouron, urine]
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vitreitis
suppurative h. purulent vitreous humor due to exudation from adjacent structures, as in panophthalmitis.
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Glassy, hyalin; vitreous. Cf. vitreo-. [G. hyalos, glass]
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A disaccharide made up of d-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine in a beta1,3 linkage; occurs in hyaluronic acid as the repeating unit. See figure under hyaluronic acid.
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vitreous cell [hyalo- + G. kytos, cell]
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Substances similar to mucoids that are found in many animal structures (e.g., cartilage, vitreous humor, hydatid cysts) and yield sugars on hydrolysis.
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An infection caused by a fungus with hyaline (colorless) mycelium in tissue, e.g., species of Fusarium, Penicillium, and Scopulariopsis; circumstances for infections usually involve a decrease in body resistance due to surgery, indwelling catheters, steroid therapy, or immunosuppressive drugs or cytotoxins. [hyalo- + G. hyphe, web, + mykes, fungus, + -osis, condition]
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hyaline [hyalo- + G. eidos, resemblance]
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The clear periphery of a blood platelet. [hyalo- + G. meros, part]
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An Old World genus (about 21 species) of large ixodid ticks with submarginal eyes, coalesced festoons, an ornate scutum, and a long rostrum. Adults parasitize all domestic animals and a wide variety of wild animals; larvae or nymphs may parasitize small mammals, birds, and reptiles. Species harbor a great variety of pathogens of humans and animals, and also cause considerable mechanical injury. [hyalo- + G. omma, eye]
H. anato´licum former name for H. anatolicum anatolicum.
H. anato´licum anato´licum a subspecies infesting cattle, camels and horses in Asia, the Near and Middle East, southeastern Europe, and North Africa; it is a vector of bovine tropical theileriosis, of equine babesiosis, and of human Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.
H. margina´tum a particularly common species of tick carried by birds migrating between Europe and Asia and Africa, and the probable vector of the virus of Crimean hemorrhagic fever.
H. truncat´um a species causing sweating sickness in cattle in Africa.
H. variega´tum species of tick that is the vector of the viral agent of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in Ethiopia.
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The eating or chewing of glass. [hyalo- + G. phago, to eat]
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Morbid fear of glass objects.crystallophobia; [hyalo- + G. phobos, fear]
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The protoplasmic fluid substance of a cell. [hyalo- + G. plasma, thing formed]
nuclear h. karyolymph
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Inflammation of a serous membrane with a fibrinous exudate that eventually becomes hyalinized, resulting in a relatively thick, dense, opaque, glistening, white or gray-white coating; when the process involves the visceral serous membranes of various organs, the grossly apparent condition is sometimes colloquially termed icing liver, sugar-coated spleen, frosted heart, and so on, depending on the site. [hyalo- + Mod. L. serosa, serous membrane, + -itis, inflammation]
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Degenerative changes in the vitreous body. [hyalo- + G. -osis, condition]
asteroid h. numerous small spherical bodies ("snowball" opacities) in the corpus vitreum, visible ophthalmoscopically; an age change, usually unilateral, and not affecting vision.
punctate h. a condition marked by minute opacities in the vitreous.
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An oval or round structure within a cell nucleus that stains faintly but otherwise resembles a nucleolus. [hyalo- + G. soma, body]
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hyaluronate
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A salt or ester of hyaluronic acid.hyalurate;
h. lyase a lyase cleaving hyaluronic acids, producing hyalobiuronic acid. See also hyaluronidase (1), hyaluronoglucosaminidase.hyaluronic lyase;
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A mucopolysaccharide made up of alternating beta1,4-linked residues of hyalobiuronic acid, forming a gelatinous material in the tissue spaces and acting as a lubricant and shock absorbant generally throughout the body; it is hydrolyzed to disaccharide or tetrasaccharide units by hyaluronidase.
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hyaluronate lyase
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1. Term used loosely for hyaluronate lyase, hyaluronoglucosaminidase, and hyaluronoglucuronidase, one or more of which are present in testis, sperm, other organs, bee and snake venoms, type II pneumonococci, certain hemolytic streptococci, etc.diffusing factor, Duran-Reynals permeability factor, Duran-Reynals spreading factor, invasin, spreading factor; 2. A soluble enzyme product prepared from mammalian testes; it is used to increase the effect of local anesthetics and to permit wider infiltration of subcutaneously administered fluids, is suggested in the treatment of certain forms of arthritis to promote resolution of redundant tissue, is used to speed the resorption of traumatic or postoperative edema and hematoma, is used in combination with collagenase to dissociate organs such as liver and heart into viable cell suspensions, and in histochemistry is used on tissue secretions to verify the presence of hyaluronic acid or chondroitin sulfates.
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An enzyme hydrolyzing beta1,4 linkages in hyaluronates. See also hyaluronidase (1), hyaluronate lyase.
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An enzyme hydrolyzing beta1,3 linkages in hyaluronates. See also hyaluronidase (1).
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Oxygen therapy with pressures greater than 1 atmosphere or ambient oxygen pressure applied to the entire body in a chamber or room. [G. hyper, above, + baros, pressure, + oxys, acute]
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USAN-approved contraction for o-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoate.
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1. An individual (plant or animal) whose parents are different varieties of the same species or belong to different but closely allied species. 2. Fused tissue culture cells, as in a hybridoma.crossbreed (1) ; [L. hybrida, offspring of a tame sow and a wild boar, fr. G. hybris, violation, wantonness]
DNA-RNA h. double-stranded polynucleic acids in which one strand is DNA and the other strand is the complementary RNA; formed during transcription and during multiplication of oncogenic RNA viruses.
SV40-adenovirus h. a virion consisting of SV40 genetic material encased in an adenovirus capsid.
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The state of being hybrid.
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1. The process of breeding a hybrid. 2. Crossing over between related but nonallelic genes. 3. The specific reassociation of complementary strands of polynucleic acids; e.g., the formation of a DNA-RNA hybrid.crossbreeding;
cell h. fusion of two or more dissimilar cells, leading to formation of a synkaryon.
cross h. annealing of a DNA probe to an imperfectly matching DNA molecule.
DNA h. a technique used to determine the relatedness of microorganisms by the speed and efficiency of the reassociation of single-stranded DNA to form double-stranded DNA when one of the strands originates from one organism and the other strand from another organism; occurs when the base sequences are complementary or nearly so.
nucleic acid h. anneal (5)
overlap h. chromosome walking
in situ h. a technique developed in 1969 for annealing nucleic acid probes to cellular DNA for detection by autoradiography. Under proper laboratory conditions, the binding process occurs spontaneously. In situ h. constitutes a key step in DNA fingerprinting.in situ nucleic acid h;
in situ nucleic acid h. in situ h
somatic cell h. production of a heterokaryon.
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A tumor of hybrid cells used in the in vitro production of specific monoclonal antibodies; produced by fusion of an established tissue culture line of lymphocyte tumor cells (e.g., mouse plasmacytoma cells) and specific antibody-producing cells (e.g., splenocytes from specifically immunized mice); fusions are accomplished by use of polyethylene glycol or other methods. [G. hybris, violation, wantonness, + -oma, tumor]
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1-[[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl]amino]-4-(hydroxymethyl)thioxan then-9-one;an antischistosomal drug.
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USAN-approved contraction for monohydrochloride hemiethanolate hemihydrate, HCl. 1 / 2C2H5OH. 1 / 2H2O.
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2,4-Imidazolidinedione;derived from urea or from allantoin; the NH-CH2-CO group is prototypical of a-amino acids.glycolylurea;
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A salt of hydantoin.
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1. hydatid cyst 2. A vesicular structure resembling an Echinococcus cyst. [G. hydatis, a drop of water, a hyatid]
Morgagni's h. vesicular appendices of uterine tube, under appendix
nonpedunculated h. testicular appendage
pedunculated h. appendix of epididymidis
sessile h. testicular appendage
stalked h. vesicular appendices of uterine tube, under appendix
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Having the form or appearance of a hydatid.
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A cystic mass composed of one or more hydatids formed in the scrotum. [hydatid + G. kele, tumor]
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A benign neoplasm in which there is prominent formation of hydatids. [hydatid + G. -oma, tumor]
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The morbid state caused by the presence of hydatid cysts.
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Surgical evacuation of a hydatid cyst. [hydatid + G. stoma, mouth]
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Taenia taeniaeformis
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1. The aqueous humor. 2. The hyaloid membrane. 3. Relating to the aqueous humor. 4. Watery or resembling water. [G. hydor (hydat-), water, + eidos, resemblance]
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James N., U.S. dermatologist, 1840-1910. See H.'s disease.
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chaulmoogra oil
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See hydro-.
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Pure form of acetylphenylhydrazine.
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hidradenitis
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hidradenoma
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Producing a discharge of watery fluid; denoting a class of cathartics that retain fluids in the intestine and aid in the removal of edematous fluids, e.g., saline cathartics. [hydr- + G. agogos, drawing forth]
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1-Hydrazinophthalazine hydrochloride;a vasodilating antihypertensive agent.
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11beta,17a,21-Trihydroxy-5beta-pregnane-3,20-dio ne;a metabolite of cortisole, reduced at the 4,5 double bond.4,5a-dihydrocortisol;
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2,4-Bis(Diethylamino)-6-hydrazino-s-triazine tartrate;an intestinal antispasmodic.
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Presence of an excessive amount of amniotic fluid. [G. hydor, water, + amnion]
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Absence of cereberal hemispheres, which have been replaced by fluid-filled sacs, lined by leptomeninges. The skull and its brain cavities are normal. [hydr- + G. an- priv. + enkephalos, brain]
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mercury poisoning [L. hydrargyrum, mercury]
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mercury [G. hydrargyros, quicksilver, fr. hydor, water, + argyros, silver]
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Relating to hydrarthrosis.
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hydrarthrosis
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Effusion of a serous fluid into a joint cavity.hydrarthron, hydrarthrus, hydrops articuli; [hydr- + G. arthron, joint]
intermittent h. a disorder characterized by a periodically recurring serous effusion into the cavity of a joint; the articulation may be the seat of a chronic arthritis or may apparently be normal in the intervals of the attacks.
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hydrarthrosis
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Former name for hydratase.
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An alkaloid of hydrastis; an isoquinoline chemically related to narcotine. As the hydrochloride, was used locally in the treatment of catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membranes, and internally in the treatment of gastric inflammation, as a uterine stimulant, and to check uterine hemorrhage.
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A semisynthetic alkaloid prepared from hydrastine; the hydrochloride has been used in uterine hemorrhage and as an oxytocic; in large doses, it is a powerful depressant of the entire motor tract (motor cortex, nerve, and muscle).
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The dried rhizome of Hydrastis canadensis (family Ranunculaceae), a native of the eastern U.S.; formerly used in the treatment of chronic catarrhal states of the mucous membranes and in metrorrhagia.golden seal, jaundice root, yellow root; [Mod. L. fr. G. hydor (hydro-), water, + drao, to accomplish]
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Trivial name applied, together with dehydratase, to certain hydro-lyases (EC class 4.2.1) catalyzing hydration-dehydration; e.g., fumarate-malate interconversion by fumarate hydratase.
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An aqueous solvate (in older terminology, a hydroxide); a compound crystallizing with one or more molecules of water; e.g., CuSO4. 5H2O.
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Combined with water, forming a hydrate.hydrous;
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1. Chemically, the addition of water; differentiated from hydrolysis, where the union with water is accompanied by a splitting of the original molecule and the water molecule. See also solvation. 2. Clinically, the taking in of water; used commonly in the sense of reduced h. or dehydration.
absolute h. actual water excess as measured by a difference from the normal or from a given water content.
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An organic compound of the general formula RCO-NHNH2; an acyl derivative of hydrazine.
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H2N-NH2, from which phenylhydrazine and similar products are derived.
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tartrazine
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Cleavage of chemical bonds by hydrazine (NH2-NH2); applied in protein and nucleic acid degradations.
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A substance derived from aldehydes and ketones by reaction with hydrazine or a hydrazine derivative to give the grouping C=N-NH2.
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A condition in which the blood volume is increased as a result of an increase in the water content of plasma, with or without a reduction in the concentration of protein; there is an excess of plasma in proportion to the cellular elements and a corresponding decrease in hematocrit.dilution anemia, polyplasmia; [hydr- + G. haima, blood]
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Protrusion, through a cleft in the skull, of brain substance expanded into a sac containing fluid.encephalocystocele, hydrocephalocele, hydroencephalocele; [hydr- + G. enkephalos, brain, + kele, tumor]
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Protrusion, through a defect in the skull, of a sac containing meninges, brain substance, and cerebrospinal fluid.
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Rarely used term for internal hydrocephalus. [hydr- + G. enkephalos, brain]
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Relating to the obsolete use of water to treat or cure disease.hydrotherapeutic; [hydr- + G. iatrikos, relating to medicine]
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Relating to hydrogen in chemical combination.
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A negatively charged hydrogen (i.e., H:-) or a compound of hydrogen in which it assumes a formal negative charge, e.g., sodium borohydride (NaBH4).
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The reduced form of ninhydrin.
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1. Water, watery. 2. Containing or combined with hydrogen. 3. A hydatid. [G. hydor, water]
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Any bullous eruption.hidroa; [hydro + G. oon, egg]
h. aestiva´le h. vacciniforme
h. fe´brile herpes simplex
h. gestatio´nis herpes gestationis
h. herpetifor´me dermatitis herpetiformis
h. puero´rum h. vacciniforme
h. vaccinifor´me a recurrent eruption of erythema evolving to umbilicated bullae, occurring on exposure to the sun and affecting chiefly male children with resolution before adult life.h. aestivale, h. puerorum;
h. vesiculo´sum obsolete term for erythema multiforme with iris or vesicular lesions.
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Absence of thirst for water. [hydro- + G. a- priv. + dipsa, thirst]
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Distention of the vermiform appendix with a serous fluid.
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A dark brown-red pigment that may be formed when bilirubin is reduced.
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A salt of hydrobromic acid.
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An aqueous solution of hydrogen bromide; its salts are bromides.
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A usually symptomless anomaly of the renal calix that is dilated from obstruction of the infundibulum; usually discovered incidentally at pyelography or autopsy; may become infected. [hydro- + G. kalyx, cup of a flower]
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A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon.
Diels h. a phenanthrene derivative obtained by the dehydrogenation of various steroids.
saturated h. a h. that contains the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms, so that the molecule contains neither rings nor multiple bonds.
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A collection of serous fluid in a sacculated cavity; specifically, such a collection in the tunica vaginalis testis, or in a separate pocket along the spermatic cord. [hydro- + G. kele, hernia]
cervical h. a cyst formed by secretion into a persistent duct or fissure of the neck; when it involves lymph channels, it is usually a lymphangioma.h. colli;
h. col´li cervical h
communicating h. associated with patent processus vaginalis.
congenital h. a collection of fluid in the unobliterated processus vaginalis leading from the abdominal cavity to the investing sac of the testis.
cord h. isolated h. of spermatic cord.
Dupuytren's h. bilocular h. in which the sac fills the scrotum and also extends into the abdominal cavity beneath the peritoneum.
h. fem´inae accumulation of serous fluid in the labium majus or in Nuck's canal.h. muliebris, Nuck's h;
filarial h. h. due to microfilaria (chiefly of Wuchereria bancrofti) in the tunica vaginalis.
funicular h. fluid in a portion of the tunica vaginalis shut off from both testis and abdominal cavity.
h. mulie´bris h. feminae
noncommunicating h. obliterated patent processus vaginalis; and isolated h.
Nuck's h. h. feminae
h. spina´lis spina bifida
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Excision of a hydrocele. [hydrocele + G. ektome, excision]
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Relating to or suffering from hydrocephalus.
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hydrencephalocele
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1. Resembling hydrocephalus. 2. A condition in infants suffering from diarrhea or other debilitating disease, in which there is dehydration and general symptoms resembling those of hydrocephalus without, however, any abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
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A condition marked by an excessive accumulation of fluid resulting in dilation of the cerebral ventricles and raised intracranial pressure; may also result in enlargement of the cranium and atrophy of the brain.hydrocephaly; [hydro- + G. kephale, head]
communicating h. type of h. in which there is an abnormality in cerebrospinal fluid absorption; there is no obstruction to cerebrospinal fluid flow in the ventricular system or where the cerebrospinal fluid passes into the spinal canal.
congenital h. h. due to a developmental defect of the brain.primary h;
double compartment h. independent supra- and infra-tentorial h. usually due to a veil occlusion of the aqueduct of Sylvius.
external h. 1. accumulation of fluid in the subarachnoid spaces of the brain; 2. accumulation of fluid in the subdural space owing to a persistent communication between the subarachnoid and subdural spaces.
h. ex vac´uo h. due to loss or atrophy of brain tissue; less commonly associated with raised intracranial pressure.
internal h. h. in which the accumulation of fluid is confined to the ventricles; also occurs as an autosomal recessive condition in the Hereford and Holstein breeds of cattle.
noncommunicating h. obstructive h
normal pressure h. a type of h. developing usually in older people, due to failure of cerebrospinal fluid to be absorbed by the pacchionian granulations, and characterized clinically by progressive dementia, unsteady gait, urinary incontinence, and usually, a normal spinal fluid pressure.occult h;
obstructive h. h. secondary to a block in cerebrospinal fluid flow in the ventricular system or between the ventricular system and spinal canal.noncommunicating h;
occult h. normal pressure h
otitic h. a form of thrombotic h. associated with otitis media and thrombosis of one or both transverse sinuses of the dura.
postmeningitic h. ventricular dilation following meningitis and secondary to obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways.
posttraumatic h. ventricular dilation following injury, due either to impaired circulation and/or absorption of cerebrospinal fluid or due to loss of brain substance (h. ex vacuo).
primary h. congenital h
secondary h. an accumulation of fluid in the cranial cavity, due to meningitis or obstruction to the venous flow.
thrombotic h. increase in cerebrospinal fluid and of intracranial pressure following thrombosis of the cerebral veins or sinuses; caused by septic infection, dehydration, tuberculosis, typhoid, leukemia, and other conditions.
toxic h. thrombotic h. associated with some general infection or toxic state.
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hydrocephalus
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HCl;the acid of gastric juice. The commercial product is used as an escharotic; the gas and the concentrated solution are strong irritants.muriatic acid;
diluted h.a. a preparation that contains, in each 100 ml, 10 g of HCl; used internally for achlorhydria.
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A compound formed by the addition of a hydrochloric acid molecule to an amine or related substance; e.g., guanine hydrochloride, glycine hydrochloride.
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6-Chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide;a potent orally effective diuretic and antihypertensive agent related to chlorothiazide.
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Rarely used term for an effusion of serous fluid into the gallbladder. [hydro- + G. chole, bile, + kystis, bladder]
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Increased output of a watery bile of low specific gravity, viscosity, and solid content. [hydro- + G. chole, bile, + hairesis, a taking]
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Pertaining to hydrocholeresis.
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A potent analgesic derivative of codeine used as an antitussive and analgesic.dihydrocodeinone;
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A gelatinous colloid in unstable equilibrium with its contained water, useful in dentistry for impressions because of its dimensional stability under controlled conditions.
irreversible h. a h. whose physical state is changed by an irreversible chemical reaction when water is added to a powder and an insoluble substance is formed.
reversible h. a h. composed of a base substance whose physical state may be changed to that of a liquid by the application of heat and then changed to that of an elastic gel by cooling.
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Accumulation of mucus or other nonsanguineous fluid in the vagina. [hydro- + G. kolpos, bosom (vagina)]
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17-Hydroxycorticosterone-21-diethylaminoacetate hydrochloride; cortisol 21-(N,N-diethyl)glycinate hydrochloride;an ester-salt of hydrocortisone, used topically in the treatment of acute and chronic dermatoses.
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17a-Hydroxycorticosterone, 11beta,17a,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione;a reduction product (at C-11) of cortisone; a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex (the active hormone secreted in the greatest quantity by the adrenals) and the most potent of the naturally occurring glucocorticoids in humans.cortisol;
h. acetate hydrocortisone 21-acetate;similar actions and uses as h.cortisol acetate;
h. cyclopentylpropionate an ester of h.
h. cypionate the cyclopentanepropionic ester of cortisone, for oral administration.
h. hydrogen succinate a form of h. administered intravenously.
h. sodium phosphate hydrocortisone 21-(disodium phosphate);an anti-inflammatory agent for intravenous or intramuscular administration.
h. sodium succinate a very soluble ester salt of h. (cortisol), used parenterally in the management of emergencies resulting from acute adrenal insufficiency.
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5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline;an alkaloidal principle derived from cotarnine; it is the basic hydrolytic product of narcotine; also obtained from the mother liquors of thebaine.
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10,11-Dihydro-6´-hydroxycinchonan-9-ol;its 6´ ethers are used as antiseptics, e.g., euprocin hydrochloride.
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HCN;a colorless, very toxic liquid, with the odor of bitter almonds, present in bitter almonds (amygdalin), the stones of peaches, plums and other fruits, and laurel leaves; inhalation of 300 p.p.m. causes death.hydrogen cyanide, prussic acid;
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Poisoning with hydrocyanic acid.
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A cyst with clear, watery contents. [hydro- + G. kystis, bladder]
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1. An eruption of deeply seated vesicles, due to retention of fluid in the sweat follicles. 2. hidrocystoma [hydro- + G. kystis, bladder, + -oma, tumor]
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Water thirst, a characteristic of animals that ordinarily drink water. [hydro- + G. dipsa, thirst]
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Periodic episodes of uncontrollable thirst, occasionally found in epileptic patients. [hydro- + G. dipsa, thirst, + mania, frenzy]
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Diuresis effected by water.
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The branch of physics concerned with the flow of liquids. [hydro- + G. dynamis, force]
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hydrencephalocele
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3,4-Dihydro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide;a diuretic and antihypertensive agent of the thiazide group.
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A solution of hydrogen fluoride gas in water; a poisonous, caustic, foaming liquid that is used to clean metals; extremely irritating to skin and lungs.
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A colloid in which the particles are in the external or dispersion phase and water in the internal or dispersed phase. Cf. hydrosol.
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1. A gaseous element, atomic no. 1, atomic wt. 1.00794. 2. The molecular form of the element, H2. [hydro- + G. -gen, producing]
activated h. h. removed by a dehydrogenase, e.g., a flavoprotein, from a metabolite for transference to another substance with which it combines.
arseniureted h. arsine
h. bromide HBr;a colorless gas that has a very irritating odor and fumes in moist air; in aqueous solution, it is hydrobromic acid.
h. chloride HCl;a very soluble gas which, in solution, forms hydrochloric acid.
h. cyanide hydrocyanic acid
h. dehydrogenase a hydrogenase enzyme catalyzing the conversion of NAD+ to NADH by molecular hydrogen (H2); i.e., H2 + NAD+ -> H+ + NADH.
h. dioxide h. peroxide
heavy h. hydrogen-2
h. peroxide H2O2;an unstable compound readily broken down to water and oxygen, a reaction catalyzed by various powdered metals and by the enzyme, catalase; a 3% solution is used as a mild antiseptic for skin and mucous membranes.h. dioxide, hydroperoxide;
h. phosphide phosphine
phosphureted h. phosphine
h. sulfide H2S;a colorless, flammable, toxic gas with a familiar "rotten egg" odor, formed in the decomposition of organic matter containing sulfur; used as a reagent, and in the manufacture of chemicals.sulfureted h;
sulfureted h. h. sulfide
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The common h. isotope, making up 99.985% of the h. atoms occurring in nature.protium;
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The isotope of h. of atomic weight 2; the less common stable isotope of h. making up 0.015% of the h. atoms occurring in nature.deuterium, heavy hydrogen;
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A hydrogen isotope of atomic weight 3; weakly radioactive, emitting beta particles to become the stable helium-3; half-life, 12.32 years.tritium;
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Any enzyme that removes a hydride ion (or H:-) from NADH (or NADPH) or adds hydrogen to ferricytochrome or to ferredoxin.hydrogenlyase;
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Addition of hydrogen to a compound, especially to an unsaturated fat or fatty acid; thus, soft fats or oils are solidified or "hardened."
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The logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in blood or other fluid; its negative is the pH of that fluid.
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hydrogenase
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Pertaining to the motion of fluids and the forces giving rise to such motion.
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That branch of kinetics concerned with fluids in motion.
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Unstable in the presence of water.
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A state in which the fluid in the tissues readily changes in amount.
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Enzymes (EC class 3) cleaving substrates with addition of H2O at the point of cleavage; e.g., esterases, phosphatases, nucleases, peptidases.hydrolyzing enzymes;
cysteine h. h. that utilize an active site cysteinyl residue for the catalytic event.
serine h. h. that utilize an active site seryl residue for the catalytic event.
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A class of lyases (EC class 4.2.1) comprising enzymes removing H and OH as water, leading to formation of new double bonds within the affected molecule; the trivial names usually contain dehydratase or hydratase.
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The circulating fluid in many of the invertebrates.
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A solution containing the products of hydrolysis.
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A chemical process whereby a compound is cleaved into two or more simpler compounds with the uptake of the H and OH parts of a water molecule on either side of the chemical bond cleaved; h. is effected by the action of acids, alkalies, or enzymes. Cf. hydration. hydrolytic cleavage; [hydro- + G. lysis, dissolution]
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Referring to or causing hydrolysis.
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To subject to hydrolysis.
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hygroma
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Massage produced by streams of water.
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Protrusion of the meninges of brain or spinal cord through a defect in the bony wall, the sac so formed containing cerebrospinal fluid. [hydro- + G. meninx, membrane, + kele, hernia]
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An instrument for determining the specific gravity of a liquid.areometer, gravimeter; [hydro- + G. meron, measure]
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Accumulation of thin mucus or other watery fluid in the cavity of the uterus. [hydro- + G. metra, uterus]
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Relating to hydrometry or the hydrometer.
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Distention of uterus and vagina by fluid other than blood or pus. [hydro- + G. metra, uterus, + kolpos, bosom (vagina)]
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Determination of the specific gravity of a fluid by means of a hydrometer.
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Microcephaly associated with an increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid.
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A synthetic derivative of morphine, with analgesic potency about 10 times that of morphine.dihydromorphinone hydrochloride;
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A cystic tumor at the umbilicus, most commonly a vitellointestinal cyst. [hydro- + G. omphalos, umbilicus]
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An increase of fluid in the dilated central canal of the spinal cord, or in congenital cavities elsewhere in the cord substance. [hydro- + G. myelos, marrow]
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Protrusion of a portion of cord, thinned out into a sac distended with cerebrospinal fluid, through a spina bifida. [hydro- + G. myelos, marrow, + kele, tumor, hernia]
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A leiomyoma that contains cystlike foci of proteinaceous fluid; h.'s occur more frequently in leiomyomas of the uterus, as a result of degenerative changes. [hydro- + G. mys, muscle, + -oma, tumor]
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Dilation of the pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys resulting from obstruction to the flow of urine.nephrohydrosis, uronephrosis; [hydro- + G. nephros, kidney, + -osis, condition]
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Relating to hydronephrosis.
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See hydronium ion.
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Accumulation of serous fluid in the accessory tubes of the oviduct. [hydro- + G. para, beside, + salpinx, trumpet]
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Relating to hydropathy.
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The obsolete use of water to treat and cure disease.
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Reduction or deprivation of water. [hydro- + G. penia, poverty]
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Pertaining to or characterized by hydropenia.
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Pericarditis with a large serous effusion.
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A noninflammatory accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac.
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ascites [hydro- + peritoneum]
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Those oxidoreductases that require H2O2 as hydrogen acceptors; e.g., peroxidases, catalase.
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hydrogen peroxide
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A substance that is hydrophilic.
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A tendency of the blood and tissues to absorb fluid. [hydro- + G. philos, fond]
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Denoting the property of attracting or associating with water molecules, possessed by polar radicals or ions, as opposed to hydrophobic (2).hydrophilous;
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hydrophilic
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rabies [hydro- + G. phobos, fear]
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1. Relating to or suffering from hydrophobia. 2. Lacking an affinity for water molecules, as opposed to hydrophilic.apolar (2) ;
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Obsolete term for an instrument for recording the flow or pressure of a fluid; e.g., the flow of urine or the pressure of spinal fluid. [G. hydrophoros, carrying water, + grapho, to record]
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buphthalmia [hydro- + G. ophthalmos, eye]
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A family of snakes, the true sea snakes, characterized by a vertically compressed tail, giving it a paddle- or oar-like appearance; their fangs, like those of cobras, are small, grooved, and permanently erect. They are common in shallow waters along coastal margins in many regions of the Pacific basin and are important medically in western Malaysia and coastal Vietnam. There are numerous species, all venomous, but few bite humans.
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Containing an excess of water or of watery fluid.dropsical;
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Combined emphysema and edema; the presence of liquid and gas in tissues. [hydro- + G. pneuma, breath, spirit]
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Injection of air into a joint to determine the amount of effusion. [hydro- + G. pneuma, air, + gony, knee]
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The presence of a serous effusion and of gas in the pericardial sac.pneumohydropericardium; [hydro- + G. pneuma, air, + pericardium]
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The presence of gas and serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity.pneumohydroperitoneum; [hydro- + G. pneuma, air, + peritoneum]
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The presence of both gas and fluids in the pleural cavity.pneumohydrothorax, pneumoserothorax; [hydro- + G. pneuma, air, + thorax]
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Water-drinking, a characteristic of animals that ordinarily drink water. [hydro- + G. posis, drinking]
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An excessive accumulation of clear, watery fluid in any of the tissues or cavities of the body; synonymous, according to its character and location, with ascites, anasarca, edema, etc. [G. hydrops]
h. artic´uli hydrarthrosis
endolymphatic h. Ménière's disease
fetal h. , h. fetal´is abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the fetal tissues, as in erythroblastosis fetalis.
h. follic´uli accumulation of fluid in a graafian follicle.
h. of gallbladder accumulation of clear watery fluid in the gallbladder as a result of long-standing cystic duct obstruction.
immune fetal h. fetal edema and ascites secondary to maternal/fetal blood group incompatibility.
nonimmune fetal h. fetal edema and ascites unrelated to maternal/fetal blood group incompatibilities; multiple etiologies include fetal cardiac disease, fetal viral disease, and fetal structural anomalies.
h. ova´rii hydrovarium
h. tu´bae hydrosalpinx
h. tu´bae pro´fluens intermittent hydrosalpinx
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Presence of purulent urine in the pelvis and calices of the kidney following obstruction of the ureter. [hydro- + G. pyon, pus, + nephrosis]
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hydroquinone
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1,4-Benzenediol; p-dihydroxybenzene;an antioxidant used in ointment.hydroquinol, quinol;
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A collection of water (hydrocele) in the testis, as in the tunica vaginalis or along the spermatic cord. [hydro- + G. orchis, testicle]
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A rheostat in which resistance to the flow of electric current is provided by water.
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A profuse discharge of watery fluid from any part of the body. [hydro- + G. rhoia, flow]
h. grav´idae , h. gravida´rum discharge of a watery fluid from the vagina during pregnancy.
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Accumulation of serous fluid in the fallopian tube, often an end result of pyosalpinx.hydrops tubae; [hydro- + G. salpinx, trumpet]
intermittent h. intermittent discharge of watery fluid from the oviduct.hydrops tubae profluens;
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anasarca [hydro- + G. sarx, flesh]
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A chronic swelling of the testis complicated with hydrocele. [hydro- + G. sarx, flesh, + kele, tumor]
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A colloid in aqueous solution, the particles being in the dispersed or internal phase and the water in the external or dispersion phase. Cf. hydrogel.
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A sphygmograph in which the pulse beat is transmitted to the recorder through a column of water.
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A device for regulating water level. [hydro- + G. statikos, causing to stand]
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Relating to the pressure of fluids or to their properties when in equilibrium.
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hydrosudotherapy [hydro- + L. sudor, sweat, + G. pathos, suffering]
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Hydrotherapy combined with induced sweating, as in the Turkish bath.hydrosudopathy;
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syringomyelia [hydro- + G. hydor, water, + syrinx, a tube, + myelos, marrow]
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The movement of cells or organisms in relation to water. [hydro- + G. taxis, arrangement]
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hydriatric
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hydrotherapy
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Therapeutic use of water by external application, either for its pressure effect or as a means of applying physical energy to the tissues.hydrotherapeutics; [hydro- + G. therapeia, therapy]
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Relating to hot water. [hydro- + G. therme, heat]
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The presence of hydrogen sulfide in the circulating blood. [hydro- + G. theion, sulfur, + haima, blood]
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The excretion of hydrogen sulfide in the urine. [hydro- + G. theion, sulfur, + ouron, urine]
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Presence of fluid in one or both pleural cavities, usually resulting from cardiac failure.
chylous h. chylothorax
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In histology, tearing apart the tissue elements by injection of water. [hydro- + G. tome, a cutting]
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The property in growing organisms of turning toward a moist surface (positive h. ) or away from a moist surface (negative h. ). [hydro- + G. tropos, a turning]
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Injection of a liquid medication or saline solution through the cervix into the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes for dilation and/or treatment of the tubes.
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Distention of the ureter with urine, due to blockage from any cause.
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hydrated
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A collection of fluid in the ovary.hydrops ovarii;
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R-CO-NH-OH <-> RC(OH)=N-OH;hydroxylamine derivatives of carboxylic acids, including amino acids, formed by the action of hydroxylamine.
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A compound containing a potentially ionizable hydroxyl group; particularly a compound that liberates OH- upon dissolving in water.
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Vitamin B12b, differing from cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) in the presence of a hydroxyl ion in place of the cyanide ion. See also vitamin B12.hydroxocobemine;
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hydroxocobalamin
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Prefix indicating addition or substitution of the -OH group to or in the compound whose name follows. See also oxa-, oxo-, oxy-.
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glycolic acid
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An organic acid containing both OH and COOH groups; e.g., lactic acid.
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beta-Hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase;enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of an l-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA to a 3-ketoacyl-CoA with reduction of NAD+; one of the enzymes of the beta oxidation of fatty acids.beta-ketohydrogenase, beta-ketoreductase;
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An enzyme with catalytic activity similar to that of lactoylglutathione lyase, but more general; catalyzes the hydrolysis of an S-2-hydroxyacylglutathione, producing glutathione and a 2-hydroxy acid anion. See also glyoxalase.
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a-Methyltyramine hydrobromide; p-(2-aminopropyl)phenol hydrobromide;a sympathomimetic, decongestant, and mydriatic.
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A metabolite of tryptophan degradation that can serve as a precursor of NAD+.
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Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2;a natural mineral structure that the crystal lattice of bones and teeth (i.e., amorphous h.) closely resembles; used in chromatography of nucleic acids; also found in pathologic calcifications (e.g., atherosclerotic aortas).hydroxylapatite;
amorphous h. containing ion contaminants (e.g., 6-8% CO32-, 3-5% Mg2+, F-, Cl-, etc.); found in mineralized connective tissue (e.g., bone, dentin, cementum).poorly crystalline h;
poorly crystalline h. amorphous h
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3-hydroxybutyric acid
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3-hydroxybutyric acid
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CH3CH(OH)CH2COOH;the d-stereoisomer is one of the ketone bodies and is formed in ketogenesis; it is an important fuel for extrahepatic tissues; as an acyl derivative it is also an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. The l-isomer is found as a coenzyme A derivative in beta oxidation of fatty acids.3-hydroxybutanoic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid;
d-3-h.a. dehydrogenase an enzyme that reversibly catalyzes the interconversion of the two main ketone bodies, catalyzing acetoacetate + NADH + H+ <-> d-3-hydroxybutyrate + NAD+.
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Elevated levels of 4-hydroxybutyrate in the urine. An inherited disorder that can lead to hypotonia and mental retardation.
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hydroxyurea
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A quinoline derivative; an antimalarial agent whose actions and uses resemble those of chloroquine phosphate; also used in the treatment of lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.
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calcidiol
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First intermediate in the conversion of cholesterol to the bile acids; formed in the principal rate-limiting step of bile acid biosynthesis.
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chromanol
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chromenol
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p-Hydroxy-a-[1-(methylamino)ethyl]benzyl alcohol;a sympathomimetic agent for the treatment of shock.
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A biologically active and major circulatory metabolite of vitamin D2.ercalcidiol;
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activated acetaldehyde
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A fatty acid that has a hydroxyl group covalently attached to it (e.g., in hydroxynervone).
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HOOCCH2CH(OH)CH2COOH;accumulates in individuals with glutaric acidemia type I.
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hematin
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HOCH2CH(CH3)COOH;an intermediate in the degradation of l-valine.
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An intermediate in the catabolism of l-tryptophan and a precursor of xanthurenate; elevated in cases of a vitamin B6 deficiency.
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An abnormality in tryptophan metabolism, probably due to a defect in kynureninase, characterized by mild mental retardation, migraine-like headaches, and urinary excretion of large amounts of kynurenine, kynurenine-3-monooxygenase, and xanthurenic acid; autosomal recessive inheritance.
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The radical, -OH.
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NH2OH;a partially oxidized derivative of ammonia; reacts with carbonyl groups to produce oximes; forms acid salts, e.g., h. hydrochloride (HONH2. HCl or HONH3+Cl-).
h. reductase an enzyme catalyzing the reversible reduction of h. to ammonia with a variety of donors (e.g., methylene blue, flavin). See also NADH-hydroxylamine reductase.
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The monovalent group, -NH-OH.
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hydroxyapatite
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Enzymes catalyzing formation of hydroxyl groups by addition of an oxygen atom, hence oxidizing the substrate; most are found in EC subclass 1.14.
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Placing of a hydroxyl group on a compound in a position where one did not exist before.
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5-hydroxylysine
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A hydroxylated amino acid found in certain collagens. The decreased ability to form 5-hydroxylysine is associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VI.delta-hydroxylysine;
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An organic mercurial, HOHgC6H4COO-, formed spontaneously by hydrolysis of the p-chloro compound. See also p-mercuribenzoate.
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-OOCCH2C(OH)(CH3)CH2COS-CoA;a key intermediate in the synthesis of ketone bodies and of steroids.3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA;
beta-h.-beta-m.-CoA lyase an enzyme, found primarily in liver and rumen epithelium that catalyzes the formation of acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate from beta-h.-beta-m.-CoA; a key step in ketogenesis; a deficiency of this enzyme leads to episodes of severe metabolic acidosis without ketosis.
beta-h.-beta-m.-CoA reductase an enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of cholesterol biosynthesis, beta-h.-beta-m.-CoA + 2NADPH + 2H+ -> mevalonate + 2NADP+ + coenzyme A.
beta-h.-beta-m.-CoA synthase an enzyme in mitochondria that catalyzes the reaction of acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA and water to form beta-h.-beta-m.-CoA and coenzyme A, a step required for both ketogenesis and steroidogenesis to occur.
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beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA
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A cerebroside containing a-hydroxynervonic acid.oxynervone;
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CH3-(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)12-CH(OH)COOH;an important constituent of certain cerebrosides.
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2-Hydroxy-2-phenylbutyl carbamate;a tranquilizer.
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A minor side product of l-tyrosine degradation that is elevated in the urine in cases of neonatal tyrosinemia and in Richner-Hanhart syndrome.
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A metabolite in tyrosine degradation that is elevated in individuals with Richner-Hanhart syndrome.
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A metabolite formed by the transamination of tyrosine; elevated in the urine of individuals with tyrosinemia.
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Urinary excretion of tyrosine and phenylalanine, as a result of ascorbic acid deficiency; occurs notably in those premature infants who lack this vitamin.
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A catabolite of progesterone; found in the urine of pregnant women.
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17a-Hydroxy-4-pregnen-3,20-dione;medical use is similar to that of progesterone. The acetate is an orally effective derivative, useful in conditions in which parenterally administered progesterone or the caproate is indicated; it possesses some androgenic potency and may cause virilizing changes in a female fetus. The caproate or hexanoate has essentially the same actions and uses as progesterone, but is more potent and has a longer duration of action. A precursor of the androgens and adrenocortical hormones.
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deoxycorticosterone
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A derivative of proline found in certain collagens, particularly basement membrane collagen.3-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid;
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4-Hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid;the trans-l-isomer is an imino acid found among the hydrolysis products of collagen; not found in proteins other than those of connective tissue. A vitamin C deficiency will result in impaired formation of h.
h. oxidase 1. a flavoenzyme that catalyzes the conversion of h. to DELTA´-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate using FAD; this enzyme appears to be deficient in individuals with hyperhydroxyprolinemia; 2. an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of h. with NAD+ to form NADH and 4-oxoproline.4-oxoproline reductase;
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A metabolic disorder characterized by enhanced plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of free hydroxyproline, and associated with severe mental retardation; autosomal recessive inheritance.
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A minor intermediate in propionate and methylmalonate metabolism. See beta-hydroxypropionic aciduria.
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Elevated levels of beta-hydroxypropionic acid in the urine; seen in defects in methylmalonic acid and propionate metabolism, as well as in ketotic hyperglycinemia syndrome.
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An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of prostaglandins, rendering them inactive, by converting the 15-hydroxyl group to a keto group using NAD+.
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hypoxanthine
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3-hydroxyproline
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A fungistat and chelating agent.quinolinol;
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An antiseptic, antiperspirant, and deodorant.
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An enzyme, found in most mammalian tissues, that is capable of hydrolyzing the sulfate ester bonds of a variety of sulfated sterols; a deficiency of this enzyme will result in X-linked ichthyosis.
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2-Hydroxy-4,4´-stilbenedicarboxamidine di-beta-hydroxyethanesulfonate;an antifungal and antiprotozoan agent used in the treatment of the nonprogressive cutaneous form of blastomycosis.
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mandelic acid
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serotonin
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aromatic d-amino-acid decarboxylase
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dopamine
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H2NoCONHOH;an oral antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis and is used in the treatment in a variety of malignancies including melanoma, chronic myelocytic leukemia, and carcinoma of the ovary.hydroxycarbamide;
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C21H27ClN2O2;a mild sedative and minor tranquilizer used in neuroses; available as the hydrochloride and pamoate.
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A class of coelenterates or jellyfishes, including Hydra, a freshwater polyp, Physalia, the "Portuguese man-of-war," Millepora, a stinging coral, and the sea wasps, Chironex heckeri and Chiropsalmus quadrigatus, whose stings can cause severe wheals, pain, and skin necrosis, and occasionally rapid death from respiratory and cardiac depression. [hydro- + G. zoon, animal]
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Obselete term for an extreme observance of the principles of hygiene. [G. hygieia, health, + latreia, worship]
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The science of hygiene and sanitation, and the practice thereof. [G. hygieia, health, + -logia]
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hygienist [G. hygieia, health]
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1. The science of health and its maintenance. 2. Cleanliness that promotes health and well being, especially of a personal nature. [G. hygieinos, healthful, fr. hygies, healthy]
criminal h. obsolete term for the branch of mental h. or penology devoted to the study of the causes and prevention of criminality and the treatment of criminals.
industrial h. practices adopted by an industrial concern to minimize occupation-related disease and/or injury.
mental h. the science and practice of maintaining and restoring mental health; a branch of early twentieth century psychiatry that has become an interdisciplinary field including subspecialties in psychology, nursing, social work, law, and other professions.
oral h. the cleaning of the mouth by means of brushing, flossing, irrigating, massaging, or the use of other devices. See also oral physiotherapy.
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Healthful; relating to hygiene; tending to maintain health.
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One who is skilled in the science of health and its maintenance.hygieist;
dental h. a licensed, professional auxiliary in dentistry who is both an oral health educator and clinician, and who uses preventive, therapeutic, and educational methods for the control of oral diseases.
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See hygro-.
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Relating to moisture. [G. hygros, moist]
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N-Methylproline, the methylbetaine of which is stachydrine.
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Moisture, humidity; opposite of xero-. [G. hygros, moist]
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A cystic swelling containing a serous fluid, such as cystic lymphangioma, housemaid's knee, etc.hydroma; [hygro- + G. -oma, tumor]
h. axilla´re h. of the axillary region.
cervical h. h. colli cysticum
h. col´li cys´ticum a benign cystic overgrowth of lymphatics of the neck, present at birth, which may form a large tumor-like mass.cervical h;
cystic h. fetal malformation of fluid accumulations, usually around the neck and shoulders; may be simple or complex; often associated with Turner's syndrome.
subdural h. accumulation in the subdural space of proteinaceous fluid, usually derived from serum, or of cerebrospinal fluid due to a tear in the arachnoid membrane.
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Any device for measuring the water vapor in the atmosphere, usually indicating relative humidity directly. [hygro- + G. metron, measure]
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psychrometry
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Morbid fear of dampness or moisture. [hygro- + G. phobos, fear]
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Denoting a substance capable of readily absorbing and retaining moisture; e.g., NaOH, CaCl2.
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sialism [hygro- + G. stoma, mouth]
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Symbol for hydroxylysine or hydroxylysyl (5Hyl specifically refers to 5-hydroxylysine).
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Abbreviation for 5-hydroxylysine.
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A lateral extension of the cerebral (or sylvian) aqueduct. [G. hyle, wood]
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Morbid fear of forests. [G. hyle, forest, + phobos, fear]
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Of or pertaining to essential matter; obsolete term denoting the pulp tissue of the embryo. [G. hylikos fr. hyle, matter]
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A neoplasm of pulp tissue, resulting from proliferation of elements derived from the embryonic pulp of epiblastic origin.hylic tumor; [G. hyle, stuff, crude matter, + -oma, tumor]
mesenchymal h. a neoplasm of tissue derived from the mesoblastic pulp or mesenchyme.
mesothelial h. a neoplasm derived from tissue of mesothelial origin.
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A thin membranous fold highly variable in appearance which partly occludes the ostium of the vagina prior to its rupture (which may occur for a variety of reasons). It is frequently absent (even in virgins) although remnants are commonly present as hymenal caruncula tags. [G. hymen, membrane]
h. bifenestra´tus , h. bifo´ris a h. in which there are two openings separated by a wide septum. Cf. septate h.
cribriform h. a h. with a number of small perforations.
denticulate h. a h. with markedly serrated edges.
imperforate h. a h. in which there is no opening, the membrane completely occluding the vagina.
infundibuliform h. a projecting, funnel-shaped h. with a central opening with sloping edges.
h. sculpta´tus a h. with markedly uneven and ragged edges.
septate h. a h. in which there are two openings separated by a narrow band of tissue. Cf. h. bifenestratus.
h. subsep´tus a h. in which the opening is partly closed by a septum.
vertical h. a h. in which the opening is perpendicular.
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Relating to the hymen.
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Excision of the hymen. [G. hymen, membrane, + ektome, excision]
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Inflammation of the hymen.
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1. membranous 2. Resembling the hymen.
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Illness produced by infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.
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Common name for tapeworms of the family Hymenolepididae.
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A family of tapeworms (order Cyclophyllidea) that includes the medically important genus Hymenolepis. [G. hymen, membrane, + lepis, rind]
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The largest genus (family Hymenolepididae) of tapeworms in the order Cyclophyllidea; especially common parasites of rodents, shrews, and aquatic birds. [G. hymen, membrane, + lepis, rind]
H. diminu´ta a tapeworm species of rats and mice, rarely found in man; its cysticercoid larvae are harbored by beetles, fleas, caterpillars, and other insects.
H. lanceola´ta a tapeworm of aquatic birds, rarely found in humans.
H. na´na the dwarf or dwarf mouse tapeworm; a small tapeworm of man, sometimes found in great numbers in the intestine; the cysticercoid can develop by two pathways: in the final host, with the egg from one human directly infective to another human host, in which both larval and adult stages occur, or through two hosts, an insect (or crustacean) intermediate and a vertebrate final host, the obligate two-host cycle of most cyclophylidean cestodes; in addition, H. nana can internally reinfect the same human or rodent host, producing a massive reinfection.
H. na´na, var. frater´na a race, strain, or subspecies of H. nana adapted to mice, although infectivity to humans may remain; the human form, H. nana, presumably is derived from the rodent strain.
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The branch of anatomy and physiology concerned with the membranes of the body. [G. hymen, membrane, + logos, study]
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An order of insects, including bees, wasps, and ants, characterized by locked pairs of membranous wings and high development of social or colonial behavior. [G. hymen, membrane, + pteron, wing]
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Obsolete term for suture of the hymen in order to close the vagina. [G. hymen, membrane, + raphe, a suture]
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Surgical division of a hymen. [G. hymen, membrane, + tome, incision]
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Wilfred, British plastic surgeon, *1903. See Anderson-H. pyeloplasty; H. pharyngoplasty.
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U-shaped, hyoid. [G. hyoeides, shaped like the letter upsilon, upsil]
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Relating to the hyoid bone and the epiglottis; denoting the elastic h. ligament connecting the two structures.hyoepiglottidean;
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hyoepiglottic
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Relating to the hyoid bone and the tongue.glossohyal;
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hyoglossus muscle
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U-shaped or V-shaped; denoting the os hyoideum and the apparatus hyoideus. [G. hyoeides, shaped like the letter upsilon, upsil]
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See middle constrictor muscle of pharynx.
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scopolamine
h. hydrobromide scopolamine hydrobromide
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l-Tropine tropate;an alkaloid found in hyoscyamus, belladonna, duboisine, and stramonium; the levorotatory component of the racemic mixture, atropine; used as an antispasmodic, analgesic, and sedative; h. hydrobromide is used for the same purposes.daturine;
h. sulfate an antispasmodic, hypnotic, and sedative, also used in parkinsonism to relieve tremor, rigidity, and excessive salivation.
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atropine
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The leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus niger (family Solanaceae); it contains hyoscyamine and hyoscine (scopolamine); an anticholinergic and antispasmodic.henbane; [G. hyoskyamos, henbane or hog's bean, fr. hys, gen. hyos, a hog, + kyamos, a bean]
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The red stomach worm of swine; a small reddish trichostrongyle nematode that burrows into the mucosa of the fundus of the pig stomach and sucks blood; moderate numbers appear to cause little damage unless the animal's resistance is lowered by other factors. [G. hys, gen. hyos, a hog, + strongylos, round]
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See thyrohyoid membrane.
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Abbreviation for hypoxanthine; hydroxyproline (3Hyp and 4Hyp specifically refer to 3-hydroxyproline and 4-hydroxyproline, respectively).
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Abbreviation for 3-hydroxyproline.
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Variation of the prefix hypo-, often used before a vowel. Cf. sub-.
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hypacusis
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Hearing impairment of a conductive or neurosensory nature.hypacusia, hypoacusis; [hypo- + G. akousis, hearing]
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hypoalbuminemia [G. hypo, under, + albuminemia]
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Decreased sensibility to pain.hypalgia, hypoalgesia; [G. hypo, under, + algesis, sense of pain]
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Relating to hypalgesia; having diminished sensitiveness to pain.
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hypalgesia [G. hypo, under, + algos, pain]
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Presence of an abnormally small amount of amniotic fluid. [G. hypo, under, + amnion]
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Diminution in the normal gastric or intestinal movements. [G. hypo, under, + anakinesis, a to-and-fro movement]
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Below or beneath an artery. [G. hypo, beneath, + arteria, artery]
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Below any axis, such as the spinal axis or the axis of a limb. See hypomere. [G. hypo, beneath, + axis]
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hypoazoturia
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The midbrain, pons, and medulla. [G. hypo, under, + enkephalos, brain]
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Morbid fear of responsibility. [G. hypengyos, responsible, + phobos, fear]
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Excessive, above normal; opposite of hypo-. [G. hyper, above, over]
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acanthosis
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Having an excessive concentration of acid.
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An abnormally high degree of acidity, as of the gastric juice.
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1. superactivity 2. General restlessness or excessive movement such as that characterizing children with attention deficit disorder or hyperkinesis.
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Abnormal acuteness of hearing due to increased irritability of the sensory neural mechanism.auditory hyperesthesia; [hyper- + G. akousis, a hearing]
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Glandular enlargement, especially of the lymphatic glands. [hyper- + G. aden, gland, + -osis, condition]
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An extreme degree of adiposis or fatness.
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hypercorticoidism
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hypercorticoidism
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Elevated levels of alanine in the serum.
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Elevated levels of beta-alanine in the serum; believed to be due to a deficiency of beta-alanine:pyruvate aminotransferase; leads to impaired CNS function.
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aldosteronism
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Extreme sensitiveness to painful stimuli.hyperalgia; [hyper- + G. algos, pain]
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Relating to hyperalgesia.
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hyperalgesia
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Administration or consumption of nutrients beyond minimum normal requirements, in an attempt to replace nutritional deficiencies.superalimentation, suralimentation;
parenteral h. h. by intravenous administration of nutrients in greater than normal amounts.
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Increased excretion of allantoin in the urine.
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An inherited defect that results in elevated levels of high-density lipoproteins in the serum.
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aminoaciduria
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Elevated levels of beta-aminoisobutyric acid in the urine; believed to be due to a deficiency of liver R-beta-aminoisobutyrate:pyruvate aminotransferase.
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ammonemia
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Elevated serum amylase, usually seen as one of the manifestations of acute pancreatitis. [hyper- + amylase, + G. haima, blood]
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hyperanakinesia
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Excessive to-and-fro movement, e.g., of the stomach or intestine.hyperanacinesia, hyperanacinesis; [hyper- + G. anakinesis, to-and-fro movement]
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Extreme sensitiveness to touch.oxyaphia, tactile hyperesthesia; [hyper- + G. haphe, touch]
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Marked by hyperaphia.
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Elevated levels of arginine in the blood plasma; usually associated with a deficiency of arginase.
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1. Pertaining to pressure of ambient gases greater than 1 atmosphere. 2. Concerning solutions, more dense than the diluent or medium; e.g., in spinal anesthesia, a h. solution has a density greater than that of spinal fluid. [hyper- + G. baros, weight]
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Disturbances in the body resulting from the pressure of ambient gases at greater than 1 atmosphere; e.g., nitrogen narcosis, oxygen toxicity, bends, etc. [hyper- + G. baros, weight]
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Enhanced concentration of beta-lipoproteins in the blood.
familial h. type II familial hyperlipoproteinemia
familial h. and hyperprebetalipoproteinemia type III familial hyperlipoproteinemia
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An abnormally large amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, resulting in clinically apparent icterus or jaundice when the concentration is sufficient.
neonatal h. serum bilirubin greater than 12.9 mg/dl (220 muol/L) or rising at a rate greater than 5 mg/dl per day; also applied to a nonphysiologic pattern of h., i.e., jaundice in the first 24 hours of life or extending beyond the first week of life in term infants.
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An extreme degree of brachycephaly, with a cephalic index of over 85. [hyper- + G. brachys, short, + kephale, head]
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An abnormally high concentration of calcium compounds in the circulating blood; commonly used to indicate an elevated concentration of calcium ions in the blood.
idiopathic h. of infants persistent h. of unknown cause in very young children, associated with osteosclerosis, renal insufficiency, and sometimes hypertension; also may be associated with supravalvular aortic stenosis, elfin facies, and mental retardation.Williams-Beurer syndrome;
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hypercalciuria
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Excretion of abnormally large amounts of calcium in the urine, as in hyperparathyroidism and types of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets.calcinuric diabetes, hypercalcinuria, hypercalcuria;
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hypercalciuria
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Abnormally increased arterial carbon dioxide tension.hypercarbia; [hyper- + G. kapnos, smoke, vapor]
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hypercapnia
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Hypertrophy of the heart. [hyper- + G. kardia, heart]
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Pertaining to hypercatabolism.
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Excessive metabolic breakdown of a specific substance or of body tissue in general, leading to weight loss and wasting.
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Excessive and frequent defecation. [hyper- + G. katharsis, a cleansing]
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1. Causing excessive purgation. 2. An agent having an excessive purgative action.
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In psychoanalysis, an individual's excessive investment of libido or interest in an object, person, or idea. [hyper- + G. kathexis, a holding in, retention]
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Excessive deposition of secondary cementum on the root of a tooth, which may be caused by localized trauma or inflammation, excessive tooth eruption, or osteitis deformans, or may occur idiopathically.cementum hyperplasia; [hyper- + L. caementum, a rough quarry stone, + -osis, condition]
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An abnormally large amount of chloride ions in the circulating blood.chloremia (2) ;
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Presence of an excessive amount of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.chlorhydria, hyperhydrochloria; [hyper- + chlorhydric (acid)]
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Increased excretion of chloride ions in the urine.
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hypercholesterolemia
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hypercholesterolemia
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The presence of an abnormally large amount of cholesterol in the cells and plasma of the circulating blood.hypercholesteremia, hypercholesterinemia;
familial h. type II familial hyperlipoproteinemia
familial h. with hyperlipemia type III familial hyperlipoproteinemia
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The presence of an abnormally large quantity of cholesterol in the bile.
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A condition in which an abnormally large amount of bile is formed in the liver. [hyper- + G. chole, bile]
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Presence of a functioning pheochromocytoma.
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hyperchromatism
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1. Abnormally highly colored, excessively stained, or overpigmented.hyperchromic (1) ; 2. Showing increased chromatin. [hyper- + G. chroma, color]
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1. Excessive pigmentation. 2. Increased staining capacity, especially of cell nuclei for hematoxylin. 3. An increase in chromatin in cell nuclei.hyperchromasia, hyperchromia; [hyper- + G. chroma, color]
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hyperchromatism
macrocytic h. hyperchromatic macrocythemia; a misnomer inasmuch as the red blood cells are larger than normal, the total amount of hemoglobin per cell is increased, but the percentage of hemoglobin per cell is usually in the normochromic range.
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1. hyperchromatic (1) 2. Denoting increased light absorption.
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Excessive secretion of gastric juice. [hyper- + G. chylos, juice]
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Increased plasma concentrations of chylomicrons.
familial h. type I familial hyperlipoproteinemia
familial h. with hyperprebetalipoproteinemia type V familial hyperlipoproteinemia
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hyperkinesis
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Abnormally increased coagulability.
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Characterized by abnormally increased coagulation.
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Excessive secretion of one or more steroid hormones of the adrenal cortex; sometimes used also to designate the state produced by therapeutic administration of large quantities of steroids having glucocorticoid activity, e.g., hydrocortisone. See also Cushing's syndrome.adrenalism, hyperadrenalcorticalism, hyperadrenocorticalism;
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See hyperadrenocorticalism.
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hypercryesthesia [hyper- + G. kryos, cold, + algesis, the sense of pain]
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Extreme sensibility to cold.hypercryalgesia; [hyper- + G. kryos, cold, + aisthesis, sensation]
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An abnormally high level of plasma copper. [hyper- + L. cuprum, copper, + G. haima, blood]
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Marked by extreme cyanosis.
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superfetation [hyper- + G. kyesis, pregnancy]
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The presence of an abnormally high number of red blood cells in the circulating blood.hypererythrocythemia; [hyper- + G. kytos, cell, + haima, blood]
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Increased intensity of staining of a cell, especially blood cells. [hyper- + G. kytos, cell, + chroma, color]
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Old term for any condition in which there is an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the circulating blood or the tissues; frequently used synonymously with leukocytosis.
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Pronouncedly dicrotic.superdicrotic;
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Extreme dicrotism.
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Having a chromosome number greater than the diploid number.
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Intense thirst that is relatively temporary. [hyper- + G. dipsa, thirst]
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Extreme distention.superdistention;
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Extreme violence or muscular restlessness. [hyper- + G. dynamis, force]
h. u´teri excessive uterine contractions in childbirth.
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Marked by hyperdynamia.
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1. In ultrasonography, pertaining to material that produces echoes of higher amplitude or density than the surrounding medium. 2. Denoting a region in an ultrasound image in which the echoes are stronger than normal or than surrounding structures.
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Excessive vomiting. [hyper- + G. emesis, vomiting]
h. gravida´rum pernicious vomiting in pregnancy.
h. lacten´tium vomiting by nursing infants with pyloric stenosis.
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Marked by excessive vomiting.
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The presence of an increased amount of blood in a part or organ. See also congestion. [hyper- + G. haima, blood]
active h. h. due to an increased afflux of arterial blood into dilated capillaries.arterial h., fluxionary h;
arterial h. active h
Bier's h. obsolete term for h. produced by Bier's method (2) .
collateral h. increased blood flow through abundant collateral channels when the circulation through the main artery to a part is arrested, as when the blood supply to one lung or to a portion of it is occluded the blood flow to the other lung or portion of a lung is increased.
constriction h. obsolete term for h. produced by Bier's method (2) .
fluxionary h. active h
passive h. h. due to an obstruction in the flow of blood from the affected part, the venous radicles becoming distended.venous h;
peristatic h. peristasis
reactive h. h. following the arrest and subsequent restoration of the blood supply to a part.
venous h. passive h
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Denoting hyperemia.
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A fetal developmental deficiency of the vault of the cranium, exposing the poorly formed brain. [hyper- + G. enkephalos, brain]
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A greater degree of abnormal increase in the number of eosinophilic granulocytes in the circulating blood or the tissues; e.g., in diseases where the degree of eosinophilia usually ranges from 10 to 30%, an increase to 50 or 60% (or more) might be regarded as h.
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hyperhidrosis [hyper- + G. ephidrosis, perspiration]
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Rarely used term for inordinate desire. [hyper- + G. epithymia, yearning]
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Increased or excessive functional activity. [hyper- + G. ergasia, work]
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An allergic hypersensitivity.hypergia;
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Relating to hyperergia.hypergic;
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hypercythemia
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A tendency of one eye to deviate upward and inward, prevented by binocular vision. [hyper- + G. eso, inward, + phora, movement]
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Abnormal acuteness of sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli.oxyesthesia; [hyper- + G. aisthesis, sensation]
auditory h. hyperacusis
cervical h. the hypersensitivity of teeth in the cervical area due to exposure of the dentin.
gustatory h. hypergeusia
muscular h. sensitiveness of the muscles to pressure.
olfactory h. , h. olfacto´ria hyperosmia
h. op´tica extreme sensitiveness of the eyes to light. See photophobia, photosensitivity.
tactile h. hyperaphia
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Marked by hyperesthesia.
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Pertaining to or characterized by a very low and wide face. [hyper- + G. eurys, wide, + prosopon, face]
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A tendency of one eye to deviate upward and outward, prevented by binocular vision. [hyper- + G. exo, outward, + phora, movement]
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Extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit.overextension, superextension;
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High serum iron level; found in hemochromatosis.
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An increased level of fibrinogen in the blood.fibrinogenemia;
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Markedly increased fibrinolysis, as in subdural hematomas.
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Flexion of a limb or part beyond the normal limit.superflexion;
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Obsolete term for excessive production of estradiol, as seen in new growths derived from the graafian follicles; a cause of abnormal uterine bleeding, e.g., metropathia hemorrhagica.
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Elevated serum fructose levels.
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Excessive secretion of milk. [hyper- + G. gala, milk, + -osis, condition]
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An increased amount of the gamma-globulins in the plasma, such as that frequently observed in chronic infectious diseases.
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neuronal hyperplasia
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Diminished functional activity. [G. hypo (hyp-), under, + ergasia, work]
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Excessive development or redundant production of parts or organs of the body. [hyper- + G. genesis, production]
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Relating to hypergenesis.
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Abnormally overdeveloped genitalia in adults or for the individual's age.
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Abnormal acuteness of the sense of taste.gustatory hyperesthesia, oxygeusia; [hyper- + G. geusis, taste]
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hyperergia
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hyperergic
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Characterized by overactivity or increased size of a gland.
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Old term for polycythemia. [hyper- + L. globulus, globule]
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An abnormally large amount of globulins in the circulating blood plasma.
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An abnormally high concentration of glucose in the circulating blood, seen especially in patients with diabetes mellitus.hyperglycosemia; [hyper- + G. glykys, sweet, + haima, blood]
ketotic h. an inborn error of glycine metabolism characterized by lethargy, vomiting, convulsions, hypertonia, and difficulty breathing; milk protein and casein induce attacks; autosomal recessive inheritance.
nonketotic h. hyperosmolar (hyperglycemic) nonketotic coma
posthypoglycemic h. Somogyi phenomenon
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Elevated plasma concentration of glycerides, which usually are present within chylomicrons; normal if transiently present after absorption of a meal containing lipids, abnormal if a persistent state.
endogenous h. type IV familial hyperlipoproteinemia or, more commonly, a nonfamilial sporadic variety.
exogenous h. persistent h. due to retarded rate of removal from plasma of chylomicrons of dietary origin; occurs in alcoholism, hypothyroidism, insulinopenic diabetes mellitus, types I and V hyperlipoproteinemia, and during acute pancreatitis.
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Elevated plasma glycine concentration.
ketotic h. an inherited metabolic defect which results from a deficiency of propionyl Coenzyme A carboxylase, the enzyme that converts propionate to methylmalonate; the enzyme requires biotin as a cofactor; clinically, affected infants have overwhelming illness, with lethargy, metabolic acidosis with ketosis, hypotonia; coma and seizures typically develop with early death; propionic acid is markedly elevated in plasma and urine; there is also hyperammonemia, and elevated levels of other metabolites as well, include glycine, hence the original name for the syndrome.methylmalonic acidemia, propionic acidemia;
nonketotic h. [MIM*238300] an inborn error of glycine metabolism, resulting from a defect in the glycine cleavage enzyme system; characteristically overwhelming disease in the newborn period, with coma, seizures and death, or, less often, gradual onset with failure to thrive, focal seizures, and mental retardation; there is massive elevation of plasma glycine, with increased levels in cerebrospinal fluid and urine; plasma hyperosmolality, severe dehydration occur without ketoacidosis; autosomal recessive inheritance.
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Enhanced urinary excretion of glycine.
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Excessive glycogenolysis. [hyper- + glycogen + G. lysis, loosening]
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Excessive sugar in the cerebrospinal fluid. [hyper- + G. glykys, sweet, + rhachis, spine]
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hyperglycemia
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Persistent excretion of unusually large amounts of glucose in the urine; i.e., an extreme degree of glucosuria.
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Enhanced plasma (and possibly tissue) concentrations of glyoxylate; may develop during thiamine deficiency.
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1. Projection of inner conflicts into the environment. 2. Exaggerated perception, such as the expansion of an isolated thought. [hyper- + G. gnosis, knowledge]
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A clinical state resulting from enhanced secretion of gonadal hormones.
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Indicating an increased production or excretion of gonadotropic hormones.
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Increased thickness of the granular layer of the epidermis, associated with hyperkeratosis. [hyper- + (stratum) granulosum + -osis, condition]
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A condition in which there is an abnormally large amount of guanidine in the circulating blood.
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Overdevelopment of secondary sex characteristics of the mature female or their precocious development in the young girl. [hyper- + G. gyne, woman, + kosmeo, to decorate]
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1. The feeling of an abnormally great pleasure in any act or from any happening. 2. Sexual erethism. [hyper- + G. hedone, pleasure]
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An unusually large amount of hemoglobin in the circulating blood plasma; i.e., much more than that ordinarily observed in most examples of hemoglobinemia.
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Elevated plasma concentrations of heparin; believed to be the cause of a heritable bleeding tendency. Genetic evidence of autosomal inheritance is slender.
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Excessive or profuse sweating.hyperephidrosis, hyperidrosis, polyhidrosis, polyidrosis, sudorrhea; [hyper- + hidrosis]
gustatory h. excessive sweating of the lips, nose, and forehead after eating certain foods; it is physiologic in many persons, but sometimes occurs after parotid surgery or as a result of damage to the parasympathetic or sympathetic nerves of the head and neck.
h. oleo´sa seborrhea oleosa
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Excess water content of the body; may result from the intravenous administration of unduly large amounts of glucose solution.overhydration;
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hyperchlorhydria
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Excessive acid secretion by the stomach; associated with peptic ulcer disease. [hyper + hydrochloric, acid + -ia]
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Increased fixation of water in tissues. [hyper- + G. hydor, water, + pegnymi, to fasten]
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See hydroxyprolinemia.
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A photosensitizing substance present in Hypericum perforatum, St. John's wart, which can cause a photosensitivity similar to fagopyrism in grazing animals.
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hyperhidrosis
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Elevated levels of imidodipeptides (e.g., Xaa-Pro) in the urine; due to a deficiency of prolidase.
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Having large quantities of specific antibodies in the serum from repeated immunizations or infections.
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A high degree of immunity.
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1. The induction of a heightened state of immunity by the administration of repeated doses of antigen, often used in allergy desensitization. 2. Passively acquired immunity by the injection of hyperimmune gamma globulin.
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An unusually large amount of indican in the circulating blood; i.e., greater than that observed in most instances of indicanemia.
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Infection by very large numbers of organisms as a result of immunologic deficiency.
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A greatly increased quantity of fibrinogen in the circulating blood; under certain conditions, unusually large amounts of fibrin may be formed, thereby resulting in a greater degree of coagulability of the blood.hyperinosis; [hyper- + G. is (in-), fiber, + haima, blood]
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hyperinosemia
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hyperinsulinism
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Increased levels of insulin in the plasma due to increased secretion of insulin by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets; decreased hepatic removal of insulin is a cause in some patients, although h. usually is associated with insulin resistance and is commonly found in obesity in association with varying degrees of hyperglycemia.hyperinsulinemia;
alimentary h. elevated levels of insulin in the plasma following ingestion of meals by individuals with abnormally rapid gastric emptying (e.g., following gastroenterostomy or vagotomy); rapid glucose absorption leads to excessive insulin release which in turn can lead to a marked fall in blood glucose to hypoglycemic levels.
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superinvolution
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hypertonic
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A greater than normal concentration of potassium ions in the circulating blood.hyperkaliemia, hyperpotassemia; [hyper- + Mod. L. kalium, potash, + G. haima, blood]
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hyperkalemia
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Excessive urinary excretion of potassium. [hyper- + Mod. L. kalium, potassium, + G. oureo, to urinate]
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hyperkeratosis
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Thickening of the horny layer of the skin due to mycotic infection.
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Thickening of the horny layer of the epidermis or mucous membrane. See also keratoderma, keratosis.hyperkeratinization;
bovine h. a specific disease characterized by thickening and hardening of the skin and proliferation of the epithelium of some of the mucous membranes; caused by poisoning (e.g., from processed feed grains contaminated with certain highly chlorinated naphthalenes used as wood preservatives and constituents of lubricating greases).X disease of cattle;
h. congen´ita ichthyosis vulgaris
h. eccen´trica porokeratosis
epidermolytic h. [MIM*144200] hyperkeratosis, hypergranulosis, and reticular degeneration in the upper epidermis. Generalized epidermolytic h. is present in bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma. Localized epidermolytic h. may be found in epidermal nevi and benign keratoses.porcupine skin;
h. figura´ta centrif´uga atroph´ica porokeratosis
h. follicula´ris et parafollicula´ris discrete and confluent horny follicular plugs on a crateriform base, often occurring on the arms and legs in diabetics with renal failure; possibly a severe form of perforating folliculitis.h. penetrans, Kyrle's disease;
generalized epidermolytic h. bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma
h. lenticula´ris per´stans [MIM*144150] small keratotic papules on the dorsa of the feet and legs, and occasionally elsewhere, with pinpoint keratotic papules of the palms and soles; onset in the fourth and fifth decades; possibly an autosomal dominant trait.Flegel's disease;
h. pen´etrans h. follicularis et parafollicularis
h. subungua´lis h. affecting the nailbeds of the fingers or toes.
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Elevated concentrations of ketone bodies in the blood.
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Increased urinary excretion of ketonic compounds.
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Increased circulation rate; increased volume flow through the circulation; supernormal cardiac output. [hyper- + G. kineo, to move, + haima, blood]
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1. Excessive motility. 2. Excessive muscular activity.hypercinesis, hypercinesia, supermotility; [hyper- + G. kinesis, motion]
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Pertaining to or characterized by hyperkinesia.
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superlactation
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An unusually great increase in the number and proportion of leukocytes in the circulating blood or the tissues; i.e., much more than that ordinarily observed in most instances of leukocytosis.
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In retarded children, the presence of relatively advanced reading ability. [hyper- + G. lexis, word, phrase]
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H. is associated with a deficiency of delta-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase. See also lipemia. [hyper- + G. lipos, fat, + haima, blood]
carbohydrate-induced h. type III familial hyperlipoproteinemia, type IV familial hyperlipoproteinemia
combined fat- and carbohydrate-induced h. type V familial hyperlipoproteinemia
familial combined h. See familial hyperlipoproteinemia.
familial fat-induced h. type I familial hyperlipoproteinemia
idiopathic h. type I familial hyperlipoproteinemia
mixed h. type V familial hyperlipoproteinemia
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lipemia
mixed h. mixed hyperlipoproteinemia familial, type 5 h
mixed hyperlipoproteinemia familial, type 5 h. elevations of VLDL and chylomicrons found in plasma.mixed h;
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lipemia
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An increase in the lipoprotein concentration of the blood.
acquired h. nonfamilial h. that develops as a consequence of some primary disease, such as thyroid deficiency.
familial h. a group of diseases characterized by changes in concentration of beta-lipoproteins and pre-beta-lipoproteins and the lipids associated with them. See type I familial h., type II familial h., type III familial h., type IV familial h., type V familial h.
lipoprotein(a) h. elevated levels of lipoprotein(a) in the serum; associated with an increased risk of coronary disease.
type I familial h. [MIM*238600] h. characterized by the presence of large amounts of chylomicrons and triglycerides in the plasma when the patient has a normal diet, and their disappearance on a fat-free diet; low a- and beta-lipoproteins on a normal diet, with increase on fat-free diet; decreased plasma postheparin lipolytic activity; and low tissue lipoprotein lipase activity. It is accompanied by bouts of abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, pancreatitis, and eruptive xanthomas; autosomal recessive inheritance. See also familial lipoprotein lipase inhibitor.Bürger-Grütz syndrome, familial fat-induced hyperlipemia, familial hyperchylomicronemia, familial hypertriglyceridemia (1), idiopathic hyperlipemia;
type II familial h. [MIM*144400] h. characterized by increased plasma levels of beta-lipoproteins, cholesterol, and phospholipids, but normal triglycerides; heterozygotes have mild lipid changes and are susceptible to atherosclerosis in middle age, but homozygotes have severe changes often with generalized xanthomatosis and xanthelasma, and frank clinical atherosclerosis as young adults. The primary defect is a deficiency of apoprotein of VLDL, and the disorder is divided into two classes: 1) type IIA, which has elevated LDL due to a deficiency of the receptor or a modified apolipoprotein B-100; 2) type IIB, which has elevated LDL and triglycerides; autosomal dominant inheritance.familial hyperbetalipoproteinemia, familial hypercholesteremic xanthomatosis, familial hypercholesterolemia;
type III familial h. [MIM*107741] h. characterized by increased plasma levels of LDL, beta-lipoproteins, pre-beta-lipoproteins, cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides; hypertriglyceridemia induced by a high carbohydrate diet, and glucose tolerance is abnormal; frequent eruptive xanthomas and atheromatosis, particularly coronary artery disease; biochemical defect lies in apolipoproteins; there are many varieties.carbohydrate-induced hyperlipemia, dysbetalipoproteinemia, familial hyperbetalipoproteinemia and hyperprebetalipoproteinemia, familial hypercholesterolemia with hyperlipemia;
type IV familial h. [MIM*144600] plasma levels of VLDL, pre-beta-lipoproteins and triglycerides are increased on a normal diet, but beta-lipoproteins, cholesterol, and phospholipids are normal; hypertriglyceridemia is induced by a high carbohydrate diet; may be accompanied by abnormal glucose tolerance and susceptibility to ischemic heart disease; probably autosomal recessive inheritance.carbohydrate-induced hyperlipemia, familial hyperprebetalipoproteinemia, familial hypertriglyceridemia (2) ;
type V familial h. [MIM*144650] h. characterized by increased plasma levels of chylomicrons, VLDL, pre-beta-lipoproteins, and triglycerides, and slight rise of cholesterol on a normal diet, with beta-lipoproteins normal; may be accompanied by bouts of abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, susceptibility to atherosclerosis, and abnormal glucose tolerance; probably autosomal recessive inheritance.combined fat- and carbohydrate-induced hyperlipemia, familial hyperchylomicronemia with hyperprebetalipoproteinemia, mixed hyperlipemia;
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1. Excessive adiposity. 2. An extreme degree of fatty degeneration. [hyper- + G. lipos, fat]
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An excessive excretion of uric (lithic) acid in the urine.
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Morbid verbosity or loquacity. See logorrhea. [hyper- + G. logios, eloquent]
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Extreme lordosis.
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A region on a chest film showing greater than normal film blackening from increased transmission of x-rays. See unilateral hyperlucent lung. [hyper- + L. lucens, shining, fr. luceo, to shine]
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Abnormal increase of the amino acid lysine in the circulating blood; associated with mental retardation, convulsions, anemia, and asthenia; autosomal recessive inheritance [MIM*238700]. A rare form [MIM*238759] has an accompanying hyperammonemia. Another variant [MIM*238710] is thought to be a mitochondrial defect; associated with a deficiency of a-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase.
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The presence of abnormally high concentrations of lysine in the urine; a form of aminoaciduria that occurs in cystinuria, hepatolenticular degeneration, and the Fanconi syndrome.
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An abnormally large concentration of magnesium in the blood serum.
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1. polymastia 2. Excessively large mammary glands. [hyper- + G. mastos, breast]
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Excessively prolonged or profuse menses.menorrhagia, menostaxis; [hyper- + G. men, month, + rhoia, flow]
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Heat production by the body above normal, as in thyrotoxicosis.
extrathyroidal h. a state of increased metabolic rate with normal levels of thyroid hormone production.
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Excessive and rapid change of ideas occurring in a mental disorder. See mania, manic-depressive, manic excitement. [hyper- + G. metamorphosis, transformation]
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Elevated levels of methionine in the sera.
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Ataxia characterized by overreaching a desired object or goal; usually seen with cerebellar disorders. Cf. hypometria. [hyper- + G. metron, measure]
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hyperope
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hyperopia [hyper- + G. metron, measure, + ops, eye]
index h. h. arising from decreased refractivity of the lens.
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1. Extreme power of memory. 2. A capacity under hypnosis for immediate registration and precise recall of many more individual items than is thought possible under ordinary circumstances. Cf. hypomnesia. [hyper- + G. mneme, memory]
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Increased range of movement of joints, joint laxity, occurring normally in young children or as a result of disease, e.g., Marfan's or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome; h. may result in degenerative joint disease.
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1. Person whose sitting height is low in proportion to the standing height, owing to excessive length of limb. Cf. hypomorph, ectomorph. 2. A mutant gene that causes an increase in the activity controlled by the gene. Cf. hypomorph. [hyper- + G. morphe, form]
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Extreme muscular tonus. [hyper- + G. mys, muscle, + tonos, tension]
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Muscular hypertrophy. [hyper- + G. mys, muscle, + trophe, nourishment]
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An abnormally high plasma concentration of sodium ions. [hyper- + natrium, + G. haima, blood]
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Hyperleukocytosis in which there are considerable numbers of immature and young cells (especially in the granulocytic series); i.e., a "shift to the left" in the hemogram.hyperskeocytosis; [hyper- + G. neos, new, + kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]
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Resembling or of the type of the adrenal gland. [hyper- + G. nephros, kidney, + eidos, appearance]
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renal adenocarcinoma [hyper- + G. nephros, kidney, + -oma, tumor]
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renal adenocarcinoma
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1. Great rapidity of thought. 2. Excessive mental activity or imagination of the type seen in the manic phase of manic depression. See depression, hyperpragia. [hyper- + G. noeo, to think]
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Uncontrolled to excess. [hyper- + G. nomos, law]
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supernutrition
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Indicating an oncotic pressure higher than normal, e.g., of blood plasma.
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Hypertrophy of the nails. [hyper- + G. onyx, (onych-), nail]
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One suffering from hyperopia.hypermetrope;
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Longsightedness; that optical condition in which only convergent rays can be brought to focus on the retina.far sight, farsightedness, hypermetropia, long sight; [hyper- + G. ops, eye]
absolute h. manifest h. that cannot be overcome by an effort of accommodation.
axial h. h. due to shortening of the anteroposterior diameter of the globe of the eye.
curvature h. h. due to decreased refraction of the anterior ocular segment.
facultative h. manifest h
latent h. the difference between total and manifest h.
manifest h. h. that can be compensated by accommodation.facultative h;
total h. (Ht) that which can be determined after complete paralysis of accommodation by means of a cycloplegic.
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Pertaining to hyperopia.
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A condition in which inappropriate objects are placed in the mouth. [hyper- + L. os (or-), mouth]
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Obsolete term for increased size or functioning of the testes. [hyper- + G. orchis, testis]
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bulimia nervosa [hyper- + G. orexis, appetite]
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Elevated levels of ornithine in the serum; sometimes associated with hyperammonemia and homocitrullinuria.
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Hyperleukocytosis in which the relative percentages of the various types of white blood cells are within the normal range and immature forms are not observed. [hyper- + G. orthos, correct, + kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]
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An exaggerated or abnormally acute sense of smell.hyperosphresia, hyperosphresis, olfactory hyperesthesia, hyperesthesia olfactoria, oxyosmia, oxyosphresia; [hyper- + G. osme, sense of smell]
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Increased concentration of a solution expressed as osmoles of solute per kilogram of serum water.
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An increase in the osmotic concentration of a solution expressed as osmoles of solute per liter of solution.
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1. Having an osmolality greater than another fluid, ordinarily assumed to be plasma or extracellular fluid. 2. Relating to increased osmosis.
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hyperosmia [hyper- + G. osphresis, smell]
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Excessive formation of osteoid, as seen in rickets and osteomalacia.
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1. Hypertrophy of bone. 2. exostosis [hyper- + G. osteon, bone, + -osis, condition]
ankylosing h. diffuse idiopathic skeletal h
h. cortica´lis defor´mans [MIM*239000] marked irregular thickening of the skull and bone cortex, with thickening and widening of the shafts of long bones and high serum alkaline phosphatase; autosomal recessive inheritance.
diffuse idiopathic skeletal h. (DISH) a generalized spinal and extraspinal articular disorder characterized by calcification and ossification of ligaments, particularly of the anterior longitudinal ligament; distinct from ankylosing spondylitis or degenerative joint disease.ankylosing h., Forestier's disease, hyperostotic spondylosis;
flowing h. rheostosis
h. frontal´is inter´na abnormal deposition of bone on the inner aspect of the os frontale, visible by x-ray; may be a part of Morgagni's syndrome.
generalized cortical h. van Buchem's syndrome
infantile cortical h. [MIM*114000] neonatal subperiosteal bone formation over many bones, especially the mandible and clavicles and the shafts of long bones; it follows fever, usually appearing before 6 months of age and disappearing during childhood.Caffey's disease, Caffey's syndrome, Caffey-Silverman syndrome;
streak h. rheostosis
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Sexual precocity in young girls due to premature development of ovaries accompanied by the secretion of ovarian hormones.
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Presence of an unusually large amount of oxalic acid or oxalates in the urine.oxaluria;
primary h. and oxalosis [MIM*259900 & MIM*260600] a metabolic disorder characterized by calcium oxalate nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis, extrarenal oxalosis, and increased urinary output of oxalic and glycolic acids; usually evident clinically in the first decade of life, with progressive renal failure and uremia; autosomal recessive inheritance. Type I is due to an alteration in alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase; type II is due to an alteration in d-glycerate dehydrogenase.
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1. An increased amount of oxygen in tissues and organs. 2. A greater oxygen tension than normal, such as that produced by breathing air or oxygen at pressures greater than 1 atmosphere.
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Excessive oxidation.
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A condition of increased activity of the pancreas, trypsin being in excess among the enzymes.
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A secondary parasite capable of development within a previously existing parasite.
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A condition in which a secondary parasite develops within a previously existing parasite.biparasitism;
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A condition due to an increase in the secretion of the parathyroids, causing elevated serum calcium, decreased serum phosphorus, and increased excretion of both calcium and phosphorus, calcium stones and sometimes generalized osteitis fibrosa cystica.
primary h. h. due to neoplasms or idiopathic hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands.
secondary h. h. that arises as a result of disordered metabolism producing hypocalcemia, as in chronic uremia due to renal disease, malabsorption, rickets, or osteomalacia; associated with hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands.
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Increased activity of the parotid glands.
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Exaggerated subjective response to painful stimuli, with a continuing sensation of pain after the stimulation has ceased. [hyper- + G. pathos, suffering]
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1. Abnormally rapid digestion. 2. Impaired digestion with hyperchlorhydria. [hyper- + G. pepsis, digestion]
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An excess of pepsin in the gastric juice.
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Excessive rapidity of the passage of food through the stomach and intestine.
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Gluttony; overeating. [hyper- + G. phagein, to eat]
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Presence of a supernumerary phalanx in a finger or toe.polyphalangism;
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The presence of abnormally high blood levels of phenylalanine, which may or may not be associated with elevated tyrosine levels, in newborn infants (premature and full-term), associated with the heterozygous state of phenylketonuria, maternal phenylketonuria, or transient deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase or p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid oxidase.
malignant h. 1. DHPR-deficient form; an inherited disorder in which there is an absence or deficiency of dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR); this results in impaired regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin, causing an elevation in phenylalanine levels; 2. GTP-CH form; an inherited disorder in which there is a deficiency of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase, an enzyme used in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin; 3. 6-PTS form; an inherited disorder in which there is a deficiency of 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase, an enzyme that participates in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin.nonclassical phenylketonuria;
non-PKU h. a benign phenotype in which phenylalanine monooxygenase is deficient but is greater than 1% of normal levels.
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An increase in the percussion sound or of the voice sound in auscultation. [hyper- + G. phonesis, a sounding]
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Overuse of the voice, as by excessive loudness or tension of the vocal muscles. [hyper- + G. phone, sound, voice]
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A tendency of the visual axis of one eye to deviate upward, prevented by binocular vision. [hyper- + G. phora, motion]
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Abnormally high content of alkaline phosphatase in the circulating blood. See also hyperphosphatasia.
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Raised alkaline phosphatase, with dwarfism, macrocranium, blue sclerae, and expansion of the diaphyses of tubular bones with multiple fractures; autosomal recessive inheritance. There is also a more of less distinctive dominant type [MIM*146300].
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Abnormally high concentration of phosphates in the circulating blood.
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An increased excretion of phosphates in the urine.
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Rarely used term for an excessive degree of intellectual activity; a form of mania. [hyper- + G. phren, mind]
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hypertension [hyper- + G. piesis, pressure]
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Relating to or marked by high blood pressure.
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An excess of pigment in a tissue or part.superpigmentation;
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A metabolic disorder in which serum concentrations of pipecolic acid are greatly increased; characterized by hepatomegaly and progressive, generalized demyelination of the nervous system.hyperpipecolic acidemia;
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hyperpipecolatemia
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Excessive production of anterior pituitary hormones, especially growth hormone; may result in gigantism or acromegaly.
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An increase in number of cells in a tissue or organ, excluding tumor formation, whereby the bulk of the part or organ may be increased. See also hypertrophy.numerical hypertrophy, quantitative hypertrophy; [hyper- + G. plasis, a molding]
angiofollicular mediastinal lymph node h. benign giant lymph node h
angiolymphoid h. with eosinophilia solitary or multiple small benign cutaneous erythematous nodules, occurring mainly on the head and neck in young adults, characterized by dermal proliferation of blood vessels with vacuolated histiocytoid endothelial cells and with a varied infiltrate of eosinophiles, lymphocytes which may form follicles, and histiocytes.Kimura's disease;
atypical melanocytic h. proliferation of melanocytes showing nuclear atypicality, especially as scattered single cells high in the epidermis; interpreted by some pathologists as malignant melanoma in situ.
basal cell h. increase in the number of cells in an epithelium resembling the basal cells.
benign giant lymph node h. solitary masses of lymphoid tissue containing concentric perivascular aggregates of lymphocytes, occurring usually in the mediastinum or hilar region of young adults; similar changes have been reported outside the mediastinum and, if associated with interfollicular sheets of plasma cells, may progress to lymphoma or plasmacytoma.angiofollicular mediastinal lymph node h., Castleman's disease;
cementum h. hypercementosis
congenital adrenal h. a group of diseases arising from specific enzymatic defects in corticosteroid biosynthesis; adrenal h. with excessive secretion of adrenal androgens develops as a result of these defects. There are four major types, with clinical similarities but distinct genetic and biochemical differences: 1) simple virilizing form [MIM*201710 and *202010]; 2) sodium-losing form [MIM*201810]; 3) hypertensive form [MIM*202010]; 4) pseudohermaphroditic type [MIM*202110]; all autosomal recessive inheritance.
congenital sebaceous h. misnomer for nevus sebaceus.
congenital virilizing adrenal h. a series of inherited inborn errors of metabolism with h. of the adrenal cortex and overproduction of virilizing hormones. Most common forms are due to partial or complete 21-hydroxylase deficiency, leading to increased ACTH production by the pituitary, stimulating adrenal growth and function. Severe form is characterized by salt-losing state.
cystic h. formation of multiple retention cysts from obstruction of ducts or glands by h. of the lining epithelium, as in fibrocystic disease of the breast and metropathia hemorrhagica.
cystic h. of the breast fibrocystic condition of the breast
denture h. inflammatory fibrous h
ductal h. h. characterized by intraductal proliferation of epithelial cells, e.g., in the breast.
fibromuscular h. thickening of arterial media by fibrosis and muscular h., usually involving the renal arteries and causing multifocal stenosis and hypertension; a variety of fibromuscular dysplasia.
focal epithelial h. multiple soft nodular lesions of the lips, buccal mucosa, tongue, and other oral sites in children and adolescents; lesions spontaneously regress after a period of several months, and have been attributed etiologically to some papovaviruses.Heck's disease;
gingival h. gingival enlargement due to proliferation of fibrous connective tissue.gingival proliferation;
inflammatory fibrous h. overgrowth of tissue in the mucobuccal or labial fold, induced by chronic trauma from ill-fitting dentures.denture h., epulis fissuratum;
inflammatory papillary h. closely arranged papules of the palatal mucosa underlying an ill-fitting denture.palatal papillomatosis;
intravascular papillary endothelial h. a benign florid papillary endothelial proliferation within the veins of the skin or subcutis, less often in visceral blood vessels.Masson's pseudoangiosarcoma;
neuronal h. increased numbers of ganglion cells with myenteric plexus h. and increased acetylcholinesterase activity in nerves of the mucosa and submucosa. Clinically, neuronal h. mimics Hirschprung's disease. Similar findings are seen in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, type IIB, and in neurofibromatosis.hyperganglionosis, neuronal intestinal dysplasia;
nodular h. of prostate glandular and stromal h. occurring very commonly in the middle and lateral lobes of older men, forming nodules that may increasingly obstruct the urethra.benign prostatic hypertrophy;
nodular regenerative h. nodular transformation of the liver
pseudoepitheliomatous h. , pseudocarcinomatous h. a benign marked increase and downgrowth of epidermal cells, observed in chronic inflammatory dermatoses; microscopically, it resembles well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.
senile sebaceous h. h. of mature sebaceous glands, forming a nodule on the skin of the face or forehead in elderly persons.
squamous cell h. increase in the number of cells in a squamous epithelium.hypertrophic dystrophy;
transmissible murine colonic h. a disease of young mice caused by the bacterium Citrobacter freundii and characterized by diarrhea and mucosal h. of the descending colon.
verrucous h. a non-invasive precursor of verrucous or squamous carcinoma of the oral mucosa, occurring in the elderly, characterized by sharp or blunt upward papillary projections of squamous epithelium.
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Relating to hyperplasia.
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Breathing that is deeper and more rapid than is normal at rest. [hyper- + G. pnoe, breathing]
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An increase in polarization of membranes of nerves or muscle cells; the reverse change from that associated with excitatory action.
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Exaggerated activity within the motor portion of the nervous system. [hyper- + G. ponos, toil]
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hyperkalemia
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Rarely used term for excessive mental activity, as in the manic phase of bipolar disorder. [hyper- + G. prasso, to do]
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Rarely used term for excessive activity. [hyper- + G. praxis, action]
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Increased concentrations of pre-beta-lipoproteins in the blood.
familial h. type IV familial hyperlipoproteinemia
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Rarely used term for hyperperistalsis. [hyper- + G. pro-choreo, to go forward]
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Elevated plasma levels of proinsulin or proinsulin-like material.
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Elevated levels of prolactin in the blood, which is a normal physiological reaction during lactation, but pathological otherwise; prolactin may also be elevated in cases of certain pituitary tumors, and amenorrhea is often present.
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A metabolic disorder characterized by enhanced plasma proline concentrations and urinary excretion of proline, hydroxyproline, and glycine; autosomal recessive inheritance. Type I h. is associated with a deficiency of proline oxidase and renal disease; Type II h. is associated with a deficiency of DELTA-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenae and mental retardation.
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Fixation of the mind on one idea. [hyper- + G. prosexis, attention]
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An abnormally large concentration of protein in plasma.
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The condition due to an excessive amount of protein in the diet.
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Relating to hyperpyrexia.hyperpyrexial;
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Extremely high fever. [hyper- + G. pyrexis, feverishness]
fulminant h. malignant hyperthermia
heat h. heatstroke
malignant h. heatstroke
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hyperpyretic
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A condition in which the deep tendon reflexes are exaggerated.
detrusor h. detrusor instability
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1. An extreme degree of resonance. 2. Resonance increased above the normal, and often of lower pitch, on percussion of an area of the body; occurs in the chest due to overinflation of the lung as in emphysema or pneumothorax and in the abdomen over a distended bowel.
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An increase in the salt content of the circulating blood.
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Marked by increased salt in a saline solution.
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Increased salivation.
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sarcosinemia
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hypersensitivity
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Abnormal sensitivity, a condition in which there is an exaggerated response by the body to the stimulus of a foreign agent. See allergy.hypersensitiveness;
contact h. 1. contact dermatitis 2. delayed reaction
delayed h. 1. cell-mediated immunity 2. delayed reaction 3. a cell-mediated response which occurs in immune individuals peaking at 24-48 hours after challenge with the same antigen used in an initial challenge. The interaction of T lymphocytes with MHC class II positive antigen- presenting cells initiates the response.
immediate h. an exaggerated immune response mediated by antibodies, in particular IgE. See allergy.
tuberculin-type h. delayed reaction
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The immunological process by which hypersensitivity is induced.
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Unusually large amounts of serotonin in the circulating blood; probable cause of some of the symptoms and signs in the carcinoid syndrome.
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hyperneocytosis [G. skaios, left, + kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]
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A state characterized by abnormally enhanced secretion of pituitary growth hormone (somatotropin).
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A condition in which sleep periods are excessively long, but the person responds normally in the intervals; distinguished from somnolence. [hyper- + L. somnus, sleep]
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Pertaining to or characterized by supersonic speeds of Mach 5 or greater. While any speed above the speed of sound may be referred to as supersonic, speeds of Mach 5 or greater are specifically referred to as h. [hyper- + L. sonus, sound]
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A condition of high blood pressure and increased circulatory activity. [hyper- + G. sphyxis, pulse]
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Any of a group of conditions in which the cellular components of the blood or platelets are removed at an abnormally high rate by the spleen, resulting in low circulating levels.
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Excessive sebaceous secretion.
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Excessive tension or strength. [hyper- + G. sthenos, strength]
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Pertaining to or marked by hypersthenia.
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Excretion of urine of unusually high specific gravity and concentration of solutes, resulting usually from loss or deprivation of water. [hyper- + G. sthenos, strength, + ouron, urine]
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Increased susceptibility or response to an infective, chemical, or other agent.
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Abnormal force or duration of the cardiac systole.
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Relating to or marked by hypersystole.
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Abnormal distance between two paired organs. [hyper- + G. tele, far off, + horizo, to separate, fr. horos, a boundary]
Bixler type h. accompanying features are microtia and clefting of the lip, palate, and nose, mental deficiency, atresia of the auditory canals, ectopic kidneys, and thenar hypoplasia; autosomal recessive inheritance
canthal h. telecanthus
ocular h. [MIM*145400] increased width between the eyes due to an enlarged sphenoid bone; other congenital deformities and mental retardation may be associated. An apparently distinct form [MIM*145410] shows many other congenital defects. See also faciodigitogenital dysplasia.Greig's syndrome;
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Former name for angiotensin.
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Former name for angiotensinogen.
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High blood pressure. Despite many discrete and inherited but rare forms that have been identified, the evidence is that for the most part blood pressure is a multifactorial, perhaps galtonian trait. Its strong cybernetic properties may also be largely inherited but would not be reflected in measurements of heritability. The definition of what is "high" or "low" blood pressure is then entirely arbitrary, but extreme cases are undoubtedly dysgenic.hyperpiesis, hyperpiesia; [hyper- + L. tensio, tension]
accelerated h. h. advancing rapidly with increasing blood pressure and associated with acute and rapidly worsening signs and symptoms.
adrenal h. h. due to an adrenal medullary pheochromocytoma or to hyperactivity or functioning tumor of the adrenal cortex.
benign h. h. that runs a relatively long and symptomless course.
borderline h. by consensus, that blood pressure zone between highest acceptable "normal" blood pressure and hypertensive blood pressure. The Framingham Heart Study defines this as pressures between 140 and 160 mm Hg systolic and 90 and 95 mm Hg diastolic.
essential h. h. without known cause.idiopathic h., primary h;
Goldblatt h. increased blood pressure following obstruction of blood flow to one kidney.Goldblatt phenomenon;
idiopathic h. essential h
labile h. frequently changing levels of elevated blood pressure.
malignant h. severe h. that runs a rapid course, causing necrosis of arteriolar walls in kidney, retina, etc.; hemorrhages occur, and death most frequently is caused by uremia or rupture of a cerebral vessel.
pale h. h. with pallor of the skin, a severe form with pronounced constriction of peripheral vessels.
portal h. h. in the portal system as seen in cirrhosis of the liver and other conditions causing obstruction to the portal vein.
postpartum h. increased blood pressure immediately following the completion of labor.
primary h. essential h
pulmonary h. h. in the pulmonary circuit; may be primary, or secondary to pulmonary or cardiac disease, e.g., fibrosis of the lung or mitral stenosis.
renal h. h. secondary to renal disease.
renovascular h. h. produced by renal arterial obstruction.
secondary h. arterial h. produced by a known cause, e.g., hyperthyroidism, kidney disease, etc., in contrast to primary h. that is of unknown cause.
systemic venous h. increased pressure in the veins ultimately leading to the right atrium nearly always due to disease of the right heart but occasionally due to blockade of one or both venae cavae.
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1. Marked by an increased blood pressure. 2. Denoting a person suffering from high blood pressure.
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pressor
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Hypergonadism in the male, characterized by proliferation of Leydig cells with excessive production of testosterone.
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Diffuse hyperplasia of the theca cells of the graafian follicles.
stromal h. condition in which luteinized cells are present in ovarian stroma at a distance from follicular structures.
testoid h. hyperplasia of Leydig cells of the testis.
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polythelia [hyper- + G. thele, nipple]
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Extreme sensitiveness to heat. [hyper- + G. therme, heat, + algesis, pain]
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Therapeutically induced hyperpyrexia. [hyper- + G. therme, heat]
malignant h. rapid onset of extremely high fever with muscle rigidity, precipitated by exogenous agents in genetically susceptible persons, especially by halothane or succinylcholine. Cf. futile cycle. fulminant hyperpyrexia, porcine stress syndrome;
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Extreme sensitiveness to heat. [hyper- + G. therme, heat, + aisthesis, feeling]
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An abnormal increase of thrombin in the blood, frequently resulting in a tendency to intravascular coagulation.
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State of overactivity, greater than average and less than the overactivity of the manic state of manic-depressive disorder. [hyper- + G. thymos, soul, thought]
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1. Pertaining to hyperthymia. 2. Pertaining to hyperthymism.
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Excessive activity of the thymus gland; formerly postulated to be a causal factor in certain instances of unexpected and sudden death, such as status thymicolymphaticus.hyperthymization;
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hyperthymism
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hyperthyroidism
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An abnormality of the thyroid gland in which secretion of thyroid hormone is usually increased and is no longer under regulatory control of hypothalamic-pituitary centers; characterized by a hypermetabolic state, usually with weight loss, tremulousness, elevated plasma levels of thyroxin and/or triiodothyronine, and sometimes exophthalmos; may progress to severe weakness, wasting, hyperpyrexia, and other manifestations of thyroid storm; often associated with exophthalmos (Graves' disease).hyperthyrea, thyroidism (1), thyrointoxication;
hereditary h. a rare inherited (autosomal dominant) disorder with constitutive stimulation of the thyrocytes.
iodine-induced h. Jod-Basedow phenomenon
masked h. h. occurring without the usual manifestations, especially lack of hyperactivity and eye findings, often with hypoactivity, even somnolence. Manifestation can be limited to heart failure.
ophthalmic h. Graves' disease
primary h. h. due to a disorder originating within the thyroid gland, in contrast to one of pituitary origin; may be due to generalized overactivity of the gland, to a localized hyperactive nodule, or to circulating antibody, which stimulates the gland (long-acting thyroid stimulator).
secondary h. h. due to stimulation of the thyroid gland by an excess of thyrotrophin secreted by the pituitary gland.
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An elevated thyroxine concentration in the blood.
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Extreme tension of the muscles or arteries.hypertonicity (1) ; [hyper- + G. tonos, tension]
h. polycythe´mica a form of polycythemia without a prominent degree of splenomegaly, but with increased blood pressure.
sympathetic h. overfunction of the sympathetic nervous system, often experienced as anxiety.
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1. Having a greater degree of tension.spastic (1) ; 2. Having a greater osmotic pressure than a reference solution, which is ordinarily assumed to be blood plasma or interstitial fluid; more specifically, refers to a fluid in which cells shrink.hyperisotonic;
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1. hypertonia 2. An increased effective osmotic pressure of body fluids.
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hypertrichosis
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Excessively thick eyebrows. [hyper- + G. thrix, hair, + ophrys, eyebrow]
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Growth of hair in excess of the normal. See also hirsutism.hypertrichiasis; [hyper- + G. trichosis, being hairy]
h. lanugino´sa excessive growth of lanugo hair associated with internal malignancy.
nevoid h. congenital growth of hair abnormal for its site, texture, color, or length; often associated with other nevoid abnormalities.
h. partia´lis abnormally excessive hair growth in patches in unusual areas.
h. universa´lis generalized excessive hair growth.
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Elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood.
familial h. 1. type I familial hyperlipoproteinemia 2. type IV familial hyperlipoproteinemia
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A microorganism that requires living cells to supply the enzyme systems necessary for growth and reproduction.
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hypertrophy
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Relating to or characterized by hypertrophy.
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General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation. Use of the term may be restricted to denote greater bulk through increase in size, but not in number, of the individual tissue elements. See also hyperplasia.hypertrophia; [hyper- + G. trophe, nourishment]
adaptive h. thickening of the walls of a hollow organ, like the urinary bladder, when there is obstruction to outflow.
benign prostatic h. nodular hyperplasia of prostate
compensatory h. increase in size of an organ or part of an organ or tissue, when called upon to do additional work or perform the work of destroyed tissue or of a paired organ.
compensatory h. of the heart thickening of the walls of the heart in response to vascular, valvular, other heart disease, or athletic conditioning.
complementary h. increase in size or expansion of part of an organ or tissue to fill the space left by the destruction of another portion of the same organ or tissue.
concentric h. thickening of the walls of the heart or any cavity with apparent diminution of the capacity of the cavity.
eccentric h. thickening of the wall of the heart or other cavity, with dilation.
endemic h. enlargement of the calcaneus preceded by fever and pain in the heel, reported from the Gold Coast (now Ghana) and in Taiwan among the indigenous population.
false h. pseudohypertrophy
functional h. physiologic h
giant h. of gastric mucosa Ménétrier's disease
hemangiectatic h. Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome
lipomatous h. lipomatous infiltration
numerical h. hyperplasia
physiologic h. temporary increase in size of an organ or part to provide for a natural increase of function, such as the kind that occurs in the walls of the uterus and in the mammae during pregnancy.functional h;
quantitative h. hyperplasia
simple h. increase in size of cells.
simulated h. increased size of a part due to continued growth unrestrained by attritions, as is seen in the case of the teeth of certain animals when the opposing teeth have been destroyed.
true h. an increase in size involving all the different tissues composing the part.
vicarious h. h. of an organ following failure of another organ because of a functional relationship between them; e.g., enlargement of the pituitary gland, after destruction of the thyroid.
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An ocular deviation with one eye higher than the other. [hyper- + G. trope, a turn]
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tyrosinemia
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An inherited disorder in which there are elevated levels of uracil and thymine in the urine; associated with a deficiency of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and resultant impaired CNS function.
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Obsolete term for polyuria. [hyper- + G. oureo, to urinate]
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Enhanced blood concentrations of uric acid.
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Relating to or characterized by hyperuricemia.
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Increased urinary excretion of uric acid.
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Repeated inoculation of an individual already immunized; used as a means of preparing a highly potent antiserum.
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Abnormally high plasma concentrations of valine, a common finding in maple syrup urine disease.
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Abnormally vascular; containing an excessive number of blood vessels. [hyper- + L. vas, a vessel]
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Increased alveolar ventilation relative to metabolic carbon dioxide production, so that alveolar carbon dioxide pressure decreases to below normal.overventilation;
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A condition resulting from the ingestion of an excessive amount of a vitamin preparation, symptoms varying according to the particular vitamin implicated; serious effects may be caused by overdosage with fat-soluble vitamins, especially A or D, and rarely with water-soluble vitamins.
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Abnormally increased volume of blood.plethora (1), repletion (1) ; [hyper- + L. volumen, volume, + G. haima, blood]
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Pertaining to or characterized by hypervolemia.
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Augmented water content or volume of a given compartment; e.g., cellular h.
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Diminished sensitivity to stimulation.hypoesthesia; [G. hypo, under, + aisthesis, feeling]
olfactory h. hyposmia
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A branching tubular cell characteristic of the filamentous fungi (molds). In most species the hyphae are divided by cross-walls (septa) into multicellular hyphae; intercommunicating hyphae constitute a mycelium, the visible colony on natural substrates or artificial laboratory media. The terms hypha and mycelium often are used interchangeably. [G. hyphe, a web]
racquet h. a vegetative h. with distal ends of successive cells inflated, resembling a string of elongated snowshoes or tennis racquets; seen in many mycelial fungi, e.g., many dermatophyte species in culture.
spiral hyphae hyphae that end in a flat or helical coil, as in laboratory colonies of Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
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A habitually lessened or attenuated degree of pleasure from that which should normally give great pleasure. [G. hypo, under, + hedone, pleasure]
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Blood in the anterior chamber of the eye. [G. hyphaimos, suffused with blood]
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hypovolemia [hypo- + G. haima, blood]
intertropical h. , tropical h. ancylostomiasis
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Pythium insidiosum
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A class of fungi that includes all of the filamentous members of the Fungi Imperfecti which form neither acervuli nor pycnidia. No sexual reproduction occurs; most members of this group produce asexual spores. [G. hyphe, web, + mykes, fungus]
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A disease of horses and mules (rarely of man) caused by the fungus Pythium insidiosum (Hyphomyces destruens), characterized by granulomatous and necrotic lesions that appear on the head and lower legs, ulcerate, and enlarge by subcutaneous extension.
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See hypno-.
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Denoting a transitional state, related to the hypnoidal, preceding sleep; applied also to various hallucinations that may manifest themselves at that time. See hypnoidal. [hypno- + G. agogos, leading]
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An agent that induces sleep. [hypno- + G. agogos, leading]
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Pain occurring during sleep.dream pain; [hypno- + G. algos, pain]
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Denoting a state similar to the hypnagogic, through which the mind passes in coming out of sleep; denoting also hallucinations experienced at such time. [hypno- + G. apo, from, + agogos, leading]
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drowsiness [hypno- + G. aisthesis, sensation]
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Relating to or causing sleep. [G. hypnikos, relating to sleep]
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Sleep, hypnosis. [G. hypnos,]
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Psychoanalysis or other psychotherapy which employs hypnosis as an adjunctive technique.
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Pertaining to hypnoanalysis.
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Ventilation of suppressed or repressed emotional tension, conflicts, and anxiety under hypnosis. [hypno- + G. katharsis, purification]
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Obsolete term for somnocinematograph. [hypno- + G. kinema, movement, + graphe, a record]
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A quiescent or "sleeping" cyst; an encysted protozoon, the reproductive activity of which is in abeyance. [hypno- + G. kystis, bladder (cyst)]
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Hypnosis as applied to the practice of dentistry. [hypno- + G. odous, tooth]
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The induction of sleep or of the hypnotic state. [hypno- + G. genesis, production]
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1. Relating to hypnogenesis. 2. An agent capable of inducing a hypnotic state. See hypnosis.
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Resembling hypnosis; denoting the subwaking state, a mental condition intermediate between sleeping and waking. See hypnagogic. [hypno- + G. eidos, resemblance]
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1. A student of sleep or hypnosis who studies hypnology. 2. hypnotist
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The branch of scientific inquiry regarding sleep or hypnosis and its phenomena. [hypno- + G. logos, study]
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Morbid fear of falling asleep. [hypno- + G. phobos, fear]
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Denoting the occurrence of visions or dreams during the drowsy state following sleep. [hypno- + G. pompe, procession]
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An artificially induced trancelike state, resembling somnambulism, in which the subject is highly susceptible to suggestion, oblivious to all else, and responds readily to the commands of the hypnotist; its popularity and scientific validity has been accepted and rejected through several cycles during the past two centuries. See mesmerism.hypnotic sleep, hypnotic state; [G. hypnos, sleep, + -osis, condition]
lethargic h. the deep sleep following major h.trance coma;
major h. a state of extreme suggestibility in h. in which the subject is insensible to all outside impressions except the commands of the hypnotist.
minor h. an induced state resembling normal sleep in which the subject is susceptible to suggestion, though not to the extent of catalepsy or somnambulism.
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1. Psychotherapeutic treatment by means of hypnotism. 2. Treatment of disease by inducing a trance-like sleep.
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1. Causing sleep. 2. An agent that promotes sleep. 3. Relating to hypnotism. [G. hypnotikos, causing one to sleep]
h. suggestion See minor hypnosis.
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1. The process or act of inducing hypnosis.somnipathy (2), somnolism; 2. The practice or study of hypnosis. See mesmerism. [G. hypnos, sleep]
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One who practices hypnotism.hypnologist (2) ;
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To induct one into hypnosis.
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Resembling hypnosis.
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Exoerythrocytic schizozoite of Plasmodium vivax or P. ovale in the human liver, characterized by delayed primary development; thought to be responsible for malarial relapse.
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1. Prefix denoting deficient, below normal. See also hyp-. Cf. sub-. 2. In chemistry, denoting the lowest, or least rich in oxygen, of a series of chemical compounds. [G. hypo, under]
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A lower than normal degree of acidity, as of the gastric juice.
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hypacusis
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Any deficiency in the function of a glandular organ or tissue. [hypo- + G. aden, gland]
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Reduced adrenocortical function.
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An abnormally low concentration of albumin in the blood.hypalbuminemia;
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A condition due to deficient secretion of aldosterone; can occur in two forms: 1) as part of generalized adrenocortical insufficiency; 2) as a selective deficiency caused by a primary defect of the adrenal gland or a defect in control of aldosterone secretion.
hyporeninemic h. selective aldosterone deficiency resulting from low renin production.
selective h. , isolated h. aldosterone deficiency without a concomitant deficiency of glucocorticoid hormones.
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Abnormally low levels of aldosterone in the urine.
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hypalgesia [hypo- + G. algesis, a sense of pain]
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subalimentation
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Excretion of abnormally small quantities of nonprotein nitrogenous material (especially urea) in the urine.hypazoturia; [hypo- + Fr. azote, nitrogen, + G. ouron, urine]
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hypobarism
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1. Pertaining to pressure of ambient gases below 1 atmosphere. 2. With respect to solutions, less dense than the diluent or medium; e.g., in spinal anesthesia, a h. solution has a density lower than that of spinal fluid. [hypo- + G. baros, weight]
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Dysbarism resulting from decreasing barometric pressure on the body without hypoxia; gas in body cavities tends to expand, and gases dissolved in body fluids tend to come out of solution as bubbles. Cf. decompression sickness. hypobaria;
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Sickness produced by reduced barometric pressure; not always distinguished from hypobarism and altitude sickness. [hypo- + G. baros, weight, + pathos, suffering]
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Abnormally low levels of beta-lipoproteins in the plasma occasionally with acanthocytosis and neurological signs. See also abetalipoproteinemia.
familial h. a disorder similar to abetalipoproteinemia; chylomicron formation still occurs, but LDL levels are typically low.
h. with apo B-37 a disorder in which LDL levels are very low, there is a mild fat malabsorption, and a truncated apolipoprotein B-37 is formed.
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endoderm [hypo- + G. blastos, germ]
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Relating to or derived from the hypoblast.
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Located beneath the branchial apparatus.
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A salt of hypobromous acid.
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An acid, HOBr, the aqueous solution of which possesses oxidizing and bleaching properties.
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Abnormally low levels of calcium in the circulating blood; commonly denotes subnormal concentrations of calcium ions.
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Deficient calcification of bone or teeth.
enamel h. [MIM*104500] a defect of enamel maturation, exacerbated by local, systemic, or hereditary factors, and characterized by low mineral content. A variety of amelogenesis imperfecta.
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Abnormally decreased arterial carbon dioxide tension.hypocarbia; [hypo- + G. kapnos, smoke, vapor]
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hypocapnia
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Rarely used term for the ventral portion of the celom, or body cavity, of the embryo. [hypo- + G. koilos, hollow]
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An abnormally low level of chloride ions in the circulating blood.
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Pertaining to or characterized by hypochloremia.
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Presence of an abnormally small amount of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.hypohydrochloria;
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A salt of hypochlorous acid.
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An acid, HOCl, having oxidizing and bleaching properties.
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Excretion of abnormally small quantities of chloride ions in the urine.
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hypocholesterolemia
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hypocholesterolemia
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The presence of abnormally small amounts of cholesterol in the circulating blood.hypocholesteremia, hypocholesterinemia;
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Rarely used term for oligocholia.
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hypochondriasis
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1. A person with a somatic overconcern, including morbid attention to the details of bodily functioning and exaggeration of any symptoms no matter how insignificant. 2. A person manifesting hypochondriasis. 3. Beneath the ribs; relating to the hypochondrium.
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Relating to or suffering from hypochondriasis.
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A morbid concern about one's own health and exaggerated attention to any unusual bodily or mental sensations; a delusion that one is suffering from some disease for which no physical basis is evident.hypochondria, hypochondriacal neurosis; [fr. hypochondrium, regarded as the site of hypochondria, + G. -iasis, condition]
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hypochondriac region [L. fr. G. hypochondrion, abdomen, belly, from hypo, under, + chondros, cartilage (of ribs)]
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Dwarfism similar to but milder than achondroplasia and neither seen with achondroplasia in the same families nor evident until mid-childhood; the skull and facies are normal; autosomal dominant inheritance. [hypo- + G. chondros, cartilage, + plasis, a molding]
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On the ventral side of the spinal cord. [hypo- + G. chorde, cord]
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hypochromia
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Containing a small amount of pigment, or less than the normal amount for the individual tissue.hypochromic (1) ; [hypo- + G. chroma, color]
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1. The condition of being hypochromatic. 2. hypochromia
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An anemic condition in which the percentage of hemoglobin in the red blood cells is less than the normal range.hypochromasia, hypochromatism (2), hypochrosis; [hypo- + G. chroma, color]
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1. hypochromatic 2. Denoting decrease in light absorption with a shift in lambdainferior to a lower wavelength.
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hypochromia [hypo- + G. chrosis, a tinting]
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Rarely used term for oligochylia. [hypo- + G. chylos, juice]
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hypokinesis
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Abnormally low concentration of citrate in the urine.
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A condition in which one or another component of complement is lacking or reduced in amount; associated with immune complex diseases and cases of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in which nephritic factor is present. Various autosomal forms are known, domimant [MIM*120550-120980] and recessive [MIM*216950-217070].
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The distolingual cusp of an upper molar tooth. [hypo- + G. konos, pine cone]
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The distobuccal cusp of a lower molar tooth.
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The distal, or fifth, cusp of an upper molar tooth. [hypo- + Mod. L. dim. of L. conus, cone]
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The distal, or fifth, cusp of a lower molar tooth. [hypo- + Mod. L. dim. of L. conus, cone]
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adrenocortical insufficiency
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Reduced copper content of the blood; found in Wilson's disease because ceruloplasmin is depressed, even though serum albumin-attached copper is increased. [hypo- + L. cuprum, copper, + G. haima, blood]
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A tricyclic motion used by mechanical tomography units to optimize blurring and reduce artifacts. [hypo- + G. kuklos, circle, + -oeides, appearance]
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Perineal cystotomy.
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Hypocytosis of the circulating blood, such as that observed in aplastic anemia. [hypo- + G. kytos, cell, + haima, blood]
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Varying degrees of abnormally low numbers of red and white cells and other formed elements of the blood; in some instances, the term is also used to indicate a paucity of component cells of any tissue. See also cytopenia, pancytopenia. [hypo- + G. kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]
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Less than the full normal complement of digits. [hypo- + G. daktylos, finger]
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superficial fascia [hypo- + G. derma, skin]
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A genus of botflies whose larvae are the cause of a tropical form of myiasis linearis (cutaneous larva migrans) of man; occasionally they invade the interior of the eye. Two species, H. bovis and H. lineatum, are botflies of cattle. The ova of H. bovis are deposited on hairs of the legs, and the larvae penetrate the skin and migrate through the tissues to the skin of the back, where they appear during late winter as the common warbles; these ulcerate to the surface and mature larvae escape in early summer, fall to the ground, pupate, and give rise to a new generation of flies. [hypo- + G. derma, skin]
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Rarely used term for subcutaneous.
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Rarely used spelling of hypodermoclysis.
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Subcutaneous division of a structure. [hypo- + G. derma, skin, + tome, incision]
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Infection of herbivores and man with larvae of flies of the genus Hypoderma.
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1. subcutaneous 2. hypodermic injection 3. hypodermic syringe
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superficial fascia
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Subcutaneous injection of a saline or other solution. [hypo- + G. derma, skin, + klysis, a washing out]
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Subcutaneous deposits of calcium. See also calcinosis cutis. [hypo- + G. derma, skin, + lithiasis]
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Having a chromosome number less than the diploid number.
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A physiologic condition, perhaps caused by hypertonicity of body fluids, insufficient to initiate drinking but at times sufficient to sustain drinking when started; loosely, oligodipsia.insensible thirst, subliminal thirst; [hypo- + G. dipsa, thirst]
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A condition of having fewer than the normal complement of teeth, either congenital or acquired.oligodontia, partial anodontia; [hypo- + G. odous, tooth]
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Diminished power. [hypo- + G. dynamis, force]
h. cor´dis diminished force of cardiac contraction.
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Possessing or exhibiting subnormal power or force.
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Reduced excretion of waste matter. [hypo- + G. eccrisis, separation]
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Characterized by hypoeccrisis.
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A region in an ultrasound image in which the echoes are weaker or fewer than normal or in the surrounding regions. [hypo- + echo + -ic]
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eosinopenia
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A tendency of the visual axis of one eye to deviate downward and inward, prevented by binocular vision. [hypo- + G. eso, within, + phoros, bearing]
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hypesthesia
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A tendency of the visual axis of one eye to deviate downward and outward, prevented by binocular vision. [hypo- + G. exo, without, + phoros, bearing]
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A deficiency of iron in the circulating blood.
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Abnormally low concentration of fibrinogen in the circulating blood plasma.
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Reduced, low, or inadequate function.
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Less than normal milk secretion. [hypo- + G. gala, milk]
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Producing or secreting a less than normal amount of milk.
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hypogammaglobulinemia
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Decreased quantity of the gamma fraction of serum globulin; sometimes used loosely to denote decreased quantity of immunoglobulins in general; associated with increased susceptibility to pyogenic infections; also observed in type III isolated growth hormone deficiency.hypogammaglobinemia;
acquired h. common variable immunodeficiency
primary h. h. due to a primary immunodeficiency of immunoglobulin-forming cells (B-lymphocytes).
secondary h. secondary immunodeficiency
transient h. of infancy a type of primary immunodeficiency that occurs in infants of both sexes, usually before the sixth month of life, probably resulting from immaturity of lymphoid tissue.transient agammaglobulinemia;
X-linked h. , X-linked infantile h. [MIM*300300] a congenital, X-linked recessive, primary immunodeficiency characterized by decreased numbers (or absence) of circulating B-lymphocytes with corresponding decrease in immunoglobulins of the five classes; associated with marked susceptibility to infection by pyogenic bacteria (notably, pneumococci and Haemophilus influenzae) beginning after loss of maternal antibodies.
X-linked h. with growth hormone deficiency h. combined with a reduced number of B cells; characterized by short stature, delayed puberty, and recurrent infections.
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A reduction in the number of ganglionic nerve cells.
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Relating to the hypogastrium.
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pubic region, pubic region [G. hypogastrion, lower belly, fr. hypo, under, + gaster, belly]
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Hernia of the lower part of the abdomen. [hypogastrium + G. kele, hernia]
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Twins joined at the hypogastrium. See conjoined twins, under twin. [hypogastrium + G. pagos, fr. pegnynai, to fasten]
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Congenital fissure of the abdominal wall in the hypogastric region. [hypogastrium + G. schisis, cleaving]
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Congenital defect of growth with underdevelopment of parts or organs of the body. [hypo- + G. genesis, origin]
polar h. a less than normal degree of development at the cephalic or caudal extremity of the embryo.
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Relating to hypogenesis.
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Partial or complete failure of maturation of the genitalia; commonly, a consequence of hypogonadism.
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Blunting of the sense of taste. [hypo- + G. geusis, taste]
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Old term for abnormally low numbers of red blood cells in the circulating blood; also used infrequently with reference to abnormally decreased proportions of erythroid elements in the bone marrow. [hypo- + G. globulus, globule]
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1. Below the tongue. 2. Relating to the twelfth cranial nerve, nervus hypoglossus.hypoglossus [NA] ; [L. hypoglossus fr. hypo- + glossus, tongue]
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hypoglottis
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hypoglossal, hypoglossal [L.]
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The undersurface of the tongue.hypoglossis; [G. hypoglossis, or -glottis, undersurface of tongue, fr. hypo, under, + glossa, tongue]
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An abnormally small concentration of glucose in the circulating blood, i.e., less than the minimum of the normal range.glucopenia;
fasting h. excessively low blood glucose in association with fasting; can be seen in patients with hyperinsulinism but also occurs without definable disease.
leucine h. reduction in blood glucose concentration produced by administration of leucine; believed to reflect the ability of this amino acid to stimulate insulin secretion.
leucine-induced h. rare cause of h. occurring following ingestion of leucine. Seen especially in infants.
mixed h. h. due to more than one cause.
neonatal h. [MIM*240900] familial onset of symptomatic h. during infancy, with persistently low blood glucose; a variant form [MIM*240800] is leucine-induced with hyperinsulinism and variable mental retardation.
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Pertaining to or characterized by hypoglycemia.
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Deficient glycogenolysis.
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Depressed concentration of glucose in the cerebrospinal fluid; a characteristic of bacterial, fungal, and tuberculous meningitis. [hypo- + G. glykys, sweet, + rhachis, spine]
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Having a congenitally defectively developed lower jaw. [hypo- + G. gnathos, jaw]
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Unequal conjoined twins in which the rudimentary parasite is attached to the mandible of the autosite. See conjoined twins, under twin. [hypo- + G. gnathos, jaw]
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Inadequate gonadal function, as manifested by deficiencies in gametogenesis and/or the secretion of gonadal hormones; results in atrophy or deficient development of secondary sexual characteristics and, when occurring in prepubertal males, in altered body habitus characterized by a short trunk and long limbs.
familial hypogonadotropic h. [MIM*312100 & MIM*307300] a group of disorders characterized by failure of sexual development, owing to inadequate secretion of pituitary gonadotropins; perhaps X-linked or autosomal recessive inheritance.
hypergonadotropic h. defective gonadal development or function of the gonads, resulting from elevated levels of gonadotropins.
hypogonadotropic h. defective gonadal development or function, or both, resulting from inadequate secretion of pituitary gonadotropins.hypogonadotropic eunuchoidism, secondary h;
male h. eunuchoidism
primary h. defective gonadal development or function, or both, due to abnormality or loss of the gonad itself.
secondary h. hypogonadotropic h
h. with anosmia [MIM*308700] failure of sexual development secondary to inadequate secretion of pituitary gonadotropins, associated with anosmia due to agenesis of the olfactory lobes of the brain; probably X-linked inheritance.Kallmann's syndrome;
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Indicating inadequate secretion of gonadotropins and its consequences.
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granulocytopenia
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Rarely used term for underfunctioning of the liver. [hypo- + G. hepar, liver]
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Diminished perspiration.
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Characterized by diminished sweating.
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Any deficiency in the amount of fluid in the blood. [hypo- + G. hydor, water, + haima, blood]
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hypochlorhydria
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A neoplasm resulting from abnormal proliferation of tissue derived from the embryonic pulp of hypoblastic origin. [hypo- + G. hyle, substance, + -oma, tumor]
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Denoting incomplete or light slumber. [hypo- + G. hypnos, sleep]
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hypotonic
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The presence of an abnormally small concentration of potassium ions in the circulating blood; occurs in familial periodic paralysis and in potassium depletion due to excessive loss from the gastrointestinal tract or kidneys. The changes of h. may include vacuolation of renal tubular epithelial cytoplasm with impairment of urinary concentrating power and acidification, flattening of the T wave of the electrocardiogram, and muscle weakness.hypopotassemia; [hypo- + Mod. L. kalium, potassium, + G. haima, blood]
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Reduced circulation rate; reduced volume flow through the circulation; subnormal cardiac output. [hypo- + G. kineo, to move, + haima, blood]
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Diminished or slow movement.hypocinesis, hypocinesia, hypomotility; [hypo- + G. kinesis, movement]
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Relating to or characterized by hypokinesis.
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A neoplasm resulting from abnormal proliferation of one of the tissues derived from the hypoblast. [hypo- + G. lepis, rind, + -oma, tumor]
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subleukemic leukemia
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Subnormal secretion of androgens by the interstitial (Leydig's) cells of the testes.
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Decreased levels of a lipoprotein in the serum.
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Presence of an abnormally small amount of fat in the tissues.
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Lack of ability for speech. [hypo- + G. logos, word]
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Abnormally small numbers of lymphocytes in the circulating blood.
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Subnormal blood serum concentration of magnesium; may cause convulsions and concurrent hypocalcemia.
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A mild degree of mania.
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Atrophy or congenital smallness of the breasts.hypomazia; [hypo- + G. mastos, breast]
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hypomastia
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A mild degree of mental depression.
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leukoderma
h. of Ito incontinentia pigmenti achromians
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General term for hypoplasia of some or all parts of one or more limbs. [hypo- + G. melos, limb]
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Diminution of the flow or a shortening of the duration of menstruation. [hypo- + G. men, month, + rhoia, flow]
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1. The portion of the myotome that extends ventrolaterally to form body-wall muscle, innervated by the primary ventral ramus of a spinal nerve. See hypaxial. 2. Less commonly, the somatic and splanchnic layers of the lateral mesoderm which give rise to the lining of the celom. [hypo- + G. meros, part]
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Reduced metabolism. See also hypometabolic state.
euthyroid h. an unusual condition resembling myxedema but with an apparently normal thyroid gland.
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Ataxia characterized by underreaching an object or goal; seen with cerebellar disease. Cf. hypermetria. [hypo- + G. metron, measure]
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Impaired memory. Cf. hypermnesia. [hypo- + G. mneme, memory]
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1. A person whose standing height is short in proportion to the sitting height, owing to shortness of the limbs. Cf. hypermorph, endomorph. 2. A mutant gene that causes a partial decrease in the activity controlled by the gene. Cf. hypermorph. [hypo- + G. morphe, form]
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hypokinesis
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Defective formation of myelin in the spinal cord and brain; the basis for a number of demyelinating diseases.
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A condition of diminished muscular tonus. [hypo- + G. mys (myo-) muscle, + tonos, tension]
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A condition in which the secretion of mucus is diminished. [hypo- + G. myxa, mucus]
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Abnormally low concentrations of sodium ions in the circulating blood. [hypo- + natrium, + G. haima, blood]
depletional h. decreased serum sodium concentration associated with loss of sodium from the circulating blood via the GI tract, kidney, skin, or into "third space." Accompanied by hypovolemic and hypotonic state.
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Leukopenia associated with the presence of immature and young leukocytes (especially in the granulocytic series), i.e., a "shift to the left" in the hemogram.hyposkeocytosis; [hypo- + G. neos, new, + kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]
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Deficient or sluggish mental activity or imagination. [hypo- + G. noeo, to think]
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1. subungual 2. Relating to the hyponychium.
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The epithelium of the nail bed, particularly its proximal part in the region of the nailroot and lunula, forming the nail matrix. [hypo- + G. onyx, nail]
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An ecchymosis beneath a fingernail or toenail. [hypo- + G. onyx, nail]
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Indicating an oncotic pressure less than normal, e.g., of blood plasma.
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Leukopenia in which the relative numbers of the various types of white blood cells are within the normal range, and no immature cells are found in the circulating blood. [hypo- + G. orthos, correct, + kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]
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Inadequate ovarian function, commonly referring to reduced secretion of ovarian hormones.hypovarianism;
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A condition of diminished activity of digestive enzyme secretion by the pancreas.
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Reduced delivery of pancreatic digestive enzyme secretions. [hypo- + pancreas + G. rhoia, flow]
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A condition due to diminution or absence of the secretion of the parathyroid hormones, with low serum calcium and tetany, and sometines with increased bone density. See also pseudohypoparathyroidism.parathyroid insufficiency;
familial h. idiopathic h. in members of the same family with low serum calcium and tetany, and sometimes with increased bone density; all three mendelian forms of inheritance are known [MIM*146200, *241400, *307700].
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Impaired digestion, especially that due to a deficiency of pepsin.oligopepsia; [hypo- + G. pepsis, digestion]
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Reduced or inadequate peristalsis.
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Congenital absence of one or more of the phalanges of a finger or toe.
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laryngopharynx
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In percussion or auscultation, a sound that is diminished or fainter than usual. [hypo- + G. phonesis, a sounding]
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An abnormally weak voice due to incoordination of the muscles concerned in vocalization.leptophonia, microphonia, microphony; [hypo- + G. phone, voice]
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A tendency of the visual axis of one eye to deviate downward, prevented by binocular vision. [hypo- + G. phora, motion]
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hypophosphatasia
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An abnormally low content of alkaline phosphatase in the circulating blood.hypophosphatasemia;
adult h. an autosomal dominant trait with early loss of teeth, bowing, and beaten-copper skull; there is evidence that the basic defect is in liver alkaline phosphatase.
childhood h. a relatively mild autosomal recessive form of h.; it may be allelic with congenital h.
congenital h. [MIM*241500] a rare disorder associated with a low level of serum alkaline phosphatase, hyperphosphaturia, hypercalcemia, skeletal abnormalities, pathologic fractures, craniostenosis, and often early death; eyes may show blue sclerae, lid retraction, band-shaped keratopathy, cataracts, papilledema, and optic atrophy.
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Abnormally low concentrations of phosphates in the circulating blood. See also entries underrickets
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Reduced urinary excretion of phosphates.
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An aqueous solution containing 31% HPH2O2; used as a stabilizing reducing agent in pharmaceutical preparations.
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Slowness or lack of speech associated with a psychosis or brain injury. [hypo- + G. phrasis, speaking]
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hypophysial
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To remove the pituitary gland.
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Surgical removal of the hypophysis or pituitary gland.
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hypophysioprivic
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hypophysiotropic
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Relating to a hypophysis.hypophyseal;
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An aqueous extract of the posterior lobe of the fresh hypophysis of cattle; contains oxytocin and vasopressin.
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Denoting the condition in which the pituitary gland may be functionally inactive or may be absent, as after hypophysectomy.hypophyseoprivic; [hypophysis + L. privus, deprived of]
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Denoting a stimulatory hormone that acts on the pituitary gland (hypophysis).hypophyseotropic;
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An unpaired compound gland suspended from the base of the hypothalamus by a short extension of the infundibulum, the infundibular or pituitary stalk. The h. consists of two major subdivisions: 1) the neurohypophysis, comprising the infundibulum and its bulbous termination, the neural part or infundibular process (posterior lobe), which is composed of neuroglia-like pituicytes, blood vessels, and unmyelinated nerve fibers of the hypothalamohypophyseal tract whose cell bodies reside in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, and convey to the lobe for storage and release the neurosecretory hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone; 2) the adenohypophysis, comprising the larger distal part, a sleeve-like extension of this lobe (infundibular part) which invests the infundibular stalk, and a thin intermediate part (poorly developed in humans) between the anterior and posterior lobes; the anterior lobe consists of cords of cells of several different types interspersed with capillaries of the hypothalamohypophysial portal system; secretion of somatotropins, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, gonadotropins, adrenal corticotropin, and other related peptides in the adenohypophysis is regulated by releasing and inhibiting factors elaborated by neurons in the hypothalamus which are taken up by a primary plexus of capillaries in the median eminence and transported via portal vessels in the infundibular part and infundibular stem to a secondary plexus of capillaries in the distal part. See also hypothalamus.glandula pituitaria [NA], basal gland, glandula basilaris, h. cerebri, master gland, pituitary gland; [G. an undergrowth]
h. cere´bri hypophysis
pharyngeal h. residual tissue derived from the hypophysial diverticulum that lies in the lamina propria of the nasopharynx; its cells and their arrangement are identical with those of the pars distalis.pars pharyngea hypophyseos;
h. sic´ca posterior pituitary
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Inflammation of the hypophysis.
lymphocytic h. an acute anterior pituitary lymphocytic reaction characterized clinically by signs and symptoms of anterior pituitary insufficiency; probably an autoimmune disorder because antipituitary antibodies are present in the serum.lymphoid h;
lymphoid h. lymphocytic h
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hypotension (1) [hypo- + G. piesis, pressure]
orthostatic h. orthostatic hypotension
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A condition due to diminished activity of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis, with inadequate secretion, to varying degrees, of one or more anterior pituitary hormones.
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1. Underdevelopment of a tissue or organ, usually due to a decrease in the number of cells. 2. Atrophy due to destruction of some of the elements and not merely to their general reduction in size. [hypo- + G. plasis, a molding]
cartilage-hair h. [MIM*250250 & MIM*250460] an autosomal recessive form of dwarfism characterized by shortness of the extremities without skull defects, and with sparse, brittle hair of light color. There is a peculiar, not adequately explained severity in the clinical course of varicella and herpes in such patients.
enamel h. a developmental disturbance of teeth characterized by deficient or defective enamel matrix formation; may be hereditary, as in amelogenesis imperfecta, or acquired, as encountered in dental fluorosis, local infection, childhood fevers, and congenital syphilis.
focal dermal h. [MIM*305600] widely distributed linear areas of dermal hypoplasia resembling striae distensae, with soft yellow nodules of fat herniation usually in females, probably an X-linked dominant trait with high intrauterine homozygous male mortality.Goltz syndrome;
optic nerve h. congenitally small optic disk resulting from failure of development of retinal ganglion cells, with a reduced number of axons; visual impairment may be marked. See de Morsier's syndrome.
renal h. an abnormally small kidney that is morphologically normal but has either a reduced number of nephrons or smaller nephrons.
h. of right ventricle failure of development of the right ventricle resulting in its having little muscle and much connective tissue instead of the reverse.
right ventricular h. parchment heart
thymic h. immunodeficiency with hypoparathyroidism
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Pertaining to or characterized by hypoplasia.
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Breathing that is shallower, and/or slower, than normal.oligopnea; [hypo- + G. pnoe, breathing]
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Hypodipsia, with emphasis on reduced tendency to drink rather than on the reduced sensation of thirst. [hypo- + G. posis, drinking]
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hypokalemia
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Deficient activity. [hypo- + G. praxis, action, + -ia, condition]
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Abnormally low concentration of blood-clotting factor V, i.e., proaccelerin, in the circulating blood.
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Abnormally low concentration of blood-clotting factor VII, i.e., proconvertin, in the circulating blood; a deficiency causes a quantitative prolongation of the prothrombin time.
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Abnormally small amounts of total protein in the circulating blood plasma.
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A condition, especially in children, due to a dietary deficiency of protein; characterized by anorexia, vomiting, retardation of growth, anemia, and increased susceptibility to infections.
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Abnormally small amounts of prothrombin in the circulating blood.prothrombinopenia;
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hyposalivation [hypo- + G. ptyalon, saliva]
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The presence of leukocytes in the anterior chamber of the eye. [hypo- + G. pyon, pus]
recurrent h. Behçet's syndrome
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A condition in which the reflexes are weakened.
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Low levels of renin in the circulating blood.
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Denoting or characterized by hyporeninemia.
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A more correct term than the more commonly used ariboflavinosis (q.v., )
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Obsolete term meaning abnormally small amounts of various salts in the circulating blood; sometimes was used as a synonym for hypochloremia. [hypo- + L. sal, salt, + G. haima, blood]
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Reduced salivation.hypoptyalism;
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Extreme anasarca of the subcutaneous connective tissue. [hypo- + G. sarx (sark-), flesh]
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Incision or puncture into a hydrocele at its most dependent point. [hypo- + G. oscheon, scrotum, + tome, incision]
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Beneath the sclerotic coat of the eyeball.
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A condition of subnormal sensitivity, in which the response to a stimulus is unusually delayed or lessened in degree.
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desensitization
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hyponeocytosis [hypo- + skaios, left, + kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]
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Diminished sense of smell.hyposphresia, olfactory hypesthesia; [hypo- + G. osme, smell]
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A reduction in the rapidity of osmosis.
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Having an osmolality less than another fluid, ordinarily assumed to be plasma or extracellular fluid.
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A state characterized by deficient secretion of pituitary growth hormone (somatotropin).
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Inadequate development of the body. [hypo- + G. soma, body]
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Pertaining to reduction in time of sleeping. [hypo- + L. somnus, sleep]
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Relating to hypospadias.
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A developmental anomaly characterized by a defect on the ventrum of the penis so that the urethral meatus is more proximal than its normal glandular location; may be associated with chordee; also a similar defect in the female in which the urethra opens into the vagina. Cf. epispadias. [G. one having the orifice of the penis too low, fr. hypospao, to draw away from under]
balanic h. glanular h
coronal h. ventral and proximal malposition of meatus in the coronal sulcus.
glanular h. ventral and proximal glanular malposition of urethral meatus in a male.balanic h;
penile h. ventral and proximal malposition of urethral meatus on penile shaft.
penoscrotal h. h. with the urethral opening at the junction of the penis and scrotum.
perineal h. h. in which the urethral defect continues along the perineum to near the anus; the scrotum is usually cleft, the testes undescended, and the penis rudimentary.
subcoronal h. ventral and proximal malposition of coronal meatus just proximal to coronal sulcus.
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hyposmia [hypo- + G. osphresis, smell]
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Abnormally low blood pressure with sluggishness of the circulation. [hypo- + G. sphyxis, pulse]
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Absent or reduced splenic function, usually due to surgical removal, congenital aplasia, tumor replacement, or splenic vascular accident. Red cell abnormalities, including the presence of inclusions, nucleated erythrocytes, and target cells, are commonly present. Patients with h. are at increased risk of bacterial sepsis, especially due to pneumococcus.
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1. Formation of a sediment at the bottom of a liquid. 2. hypostatic congestion 3. The phenomenon whereby the phenotype that would ordinarily be manifested at one locus is obscured by the genotype at another epistatic locus; e.g., in humans, the phenotype for the ABO blood group locus can be expressed only in the presence of its precursor, H substance. The Bombay factor in the homozygous state blocks H formation and obscures the ABO phenotype. [G. hypo-stasis, a standing under, sediment]
postmortem h. postmortem livedo
pulmonary h. hydrostatic congestion of the lung.
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1. Sedimentary;resulting from a dependent position. 2. Relating to hypostasis.
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Weakness. See asthenia. [hypo- + G. sthenos, strength]
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1. Weakening. 2. An agent that reduces strength.
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Weak.
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Secretion of urine of low specific gravity, due to inability of the tubules of the kidneys to produce a concentrated urine; also occurs following excessive water ingestion in diabetes insipidus. [hypo- + G. sthenos, strength, + ouron, urine]
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The central unpaired holdfast organ of the tick capitulum; the h. is covered with recurved spines that enable it to serve as an anchoring device while the tick feeds. [hypo- + G. stoma, mouth]
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A form of microstomia in which the oral opening is a small vertical slit. [hypo- + G. stoma, mouth]
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Deficient development of bone. [hypo- + G. osteon, bone, + -osis, condition]
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A state of mild astringence. [hypo- + G. stypsis, astringence]
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Mildly styptic or astringent.
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chronic adrenocortical insufficiency
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A weak or incomplete cardiac systole.
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A condition of weak or imperfect coordination. [hypo- + G. taxis, order]
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Abnormal closeness of eyes. [hypo- + G. tele, far off, + horizo, to separate, fr. horos, boundary]
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1. Subnormal arterial blood pressure.hypopiesis; 2. Reduced pressure or tension of any kind. [hypo- + L. tensio, a stretching]
arterial h. See hypotension (1).
idiopathic orthostatic h. the tendency for blood pressure to drop for unknown reasons on assuming upright posture.
induced h. , controlled h. deliberate acute reduction of arterial blood pressure to reduce operative blood loss by pharmacologic means during anesthesia and surgery.
intracranial h. subnormal pressure of cerebrospinal fluid; most commonly following lumbar puncture and associated with headache, nausea, vomiting, stiffness of the neck, and sometimes fever; may also result from dehydration.
orthostatic h. a form of low blood pressure that occurs in a standing posture.orthostatic hypopiesis, postural h;
postural h. orthostatic h
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Characterized by low blood pressure or causing reduction in blood pressure.
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depressor (4)
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Relating to both the hypothalamus and the hypophysis.
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The ventral and medial region of the diencephalon forming the walls of the ventral half of the third ventricle; it is delineated from the thalamus by the hypothalamic sulcus, lying medial to the internal capsule and subthalamus, continuous with the precommissural septum anteriorly and with the mesencephalic tegmentum and central gray substance posteriorly. Its ventral surface is marked by, from before backward, the optic chiasma, the unpaired infundibulum that extends by way of the infundibular stalk into the posterior lobe of the hypophysis, and the paired mamillary bodies. The nerve cells of the h. are grouped into the supraoptic paraventricular, lateral preoptic, lateral hypothalamic, tuberal, anterior hypothalamic, ventromedial, dorsomedial, arcuate, posterior hypothalamic, and premamillary nuclei and the mamillary body. It has afferent fiber connections with the mesencephalon, limbic system, cerebellum, and efferent fiber connections with the same structures and with the posterior lobe of the hypophysis; its functional connection with the anterior lobe of the hypophysis is established by the hypothalamohypophysial portal system. The h. is prominently involved in the functions of the autonomic nervous system and, through its vascular link with the anterior lobe of the hypophysis, in endocrine mechanisms; it also appears to play a role in neural mechanisms underlying moods and motivational states. See also hypophysis. [hypo- + thalamus]
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1. [NA] hypothenar eminence 2. Denoting any structure in relation with the hypothenar eminence or its underlying collective components. [hypo- + G. thenar, the palm]
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Denoting hypothermia.
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A body temperature significantly below 98.6°F (37°C). [hypo- + G. therme, heat]
accidental h. unintentional decrease in body temperature, especially in the newborn, infants, and elderly, particularly during operations.
moderate h. a body temperature of 23-32°C. induced by surface cooling.
profound h. a body temperature of 12-20°C.
regional h. reduction of the temperature of an extremity or organ by external cold or perfusion with cold blood or solutions.
total body h. the deliberate reduction of total body temperature, in order to reduce tissue metabolism.
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A conjecture advanced for heuristic purposes, cast in a form that is amenable to confirmation or refutation by the conductance of definable experiments and the critical assembly of empirical data; not to be confused with assumption, postulation, or unfocused speculation. See also postulate, theory. [G. foundation, assumption fr. hypotithenai, to lay down]
adaptor h. a h., proposed by F.H.C. Crick, that an adaptor molecule must be present between the information-containing DNA and the protein being synthesized.
alternative h. in Neyman-Pearson testing of a h., the h. or family of hypotheses about the numerical value of a parameter if and only if the null h. is rejected as untenable.
autocrine h. that tumor cells containing viral oncogenes may have encoded a growth factor, normally produced by other cell types, and thereby produce the factor autonomously, leading to uncontrolled proliferation.
Avogadro's h. Avogadro's law
Bayesian h. an array of surmised values of a parameter to be severally explored in the light of a current set of data, with logical symmetry being preserved among all. The merits of each h. entertained are based on quantity, the prior probability. The probability of the data conditional on the h. is computed as the conditional probability for each; the product of the two for each h. is the joint probability, and the ratio of each joint probability to the sum of all the joint probabilities is the posterior probability for that h. Unlike the Neyman-Pearson test of hypotheses, the answer is a statement about the h., not about the sample conditional on the h. No h. is preferred or prevails by default. The procedure may be applied recursively any number of times, as the data becomes available.
frustration-aggression h. the theory that frustration may lead to aggression, but that aggression is always the result of some form of frustration.
gate-control h. gate-control theory
Gompertz' h. a theory that the force of mortality increases in geometrical progression, being based on the assumption that the average exhaustion of a person's power to avoid death is such that at the end of equal infinitely small intervals of time he loses equal proportions of the power to oppose destruction which he had at the commencement of each of these intervals.
insular h. obsolete theory of the origin of diabetes mellitus from destruction or loss of function of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
Lyon h. lyonization
Makeham's h. a development of Gompertz' h. as to the force of mortality following some mathematical law. Makeham assumed that death was the consequence of two generally coexisting causes: 1) chance; 2) a deterioration or increased inability to withstand destruction. The first of these is constant, the second is an increasing geometrical progression.
Michaelis-Menten h. that a complex is formed between an enzyme and its substrate (the O'Sullivan-Tompson h.), which complex then decomposes to yield free enzyme and the reaction products (Brown h.), the latter rate determining the overall rate of substrate-product conversion. See also Michaelis-Menten constant, Michaelis-Menten equation.
mnemic h. the theory that stimuli or irritants leave definite traces (engrams) on the protoplasm of the animal or plant, and when these stimuli are regularly repeated they induce a habit which persists after the stimuli cease; assuming that the germ cells share with the nerve cells in the possession of engrams, acquired habits may thus be transmitted to the descendants.mnemic theory, mnemism, Semon-Hering theory;
Neyman-Pearson statistical h. a formal conjecture about the numerical value of a parameter to be tested exclusively in the light of an immediate set of data without attention to prior knowledge or convictions and ignoring other sets of evidence treated in a similar fashion. The answer is a statement not about whether the h. is true but whether it is an acceptable explanation of the data or should be rejected in favor of another h.
null h. the statistical hypothesis that one variable has no association with another variable or set of variables, or that two or more populations do not differ from each other; the statement that results do not differ from those that might be expected by the operation of chance alone; if rejected, it increases confidence in the h.
sequence h. that the amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by a particular sequence of nucleotides (the cistron) in the DNA of the organism producing the protein.
sliding filament h. the theory that the contracting muscle shortens because two sets of filaments slide past each other.
Starling's h. the principle that net filtration through capillary membranes is proportional to the transmembrane hydrostatic pressure difference minus the transmembrane oncotic pressure difference; although well established, it is called Starling's h. to distinguish it from Starling's law of the heart.
wobble h. See wobble base, wobble.
zwitter h. that an amphoteric molecule (e.g., an amino acid) has, at its isoelectric point, equal numbers of positive and negative charges, thus becoming a zwitterion.
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Abnormally small amounts of thrombin in the circulating blood, thereby resulting in bleeding tendency.
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Abnormally small amounts of thromboplastin in the blood, as a result of deficient quantities being released from the tissues.
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Depression of spirits; the "blues." [hypo- + G. thymos, mind, soul]
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1. Obsolete term denoting or characteristic of hypothymia. 2. Obsolete term pertaining to hypothymism.
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Obsolete term for inadequate function of the thymus.
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Marked by reduced thyroid function.
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Diminished production of thyroid hormone, leading to clinical manifestations of thyroid insufficiency, including low metabolic rate, tendency to weight gain, somnolence and sometimes myxedema.athyrea (1) ; [hypo- + G. thyreoeides, thyroid]
congenital h. lack of thyroid secretion. See infantile h.
infantile h. can be due to endemic congenital goiter, nonendemic cases are usually due to defective thyroidal embryogenesis, defective hypothalamic-pituitary function, congenital defects in thyroid hormone synthesis or action, or intrauterine exposure to goitrogenic agents.Brissaud's infantilism, congenital myxedema, dysthyroidal infantilism, hypothyroid dwarfism, hypothyroid infantilism, infantile myxedema, myxedematous infantilism;
secondary h. h. that arises as a consequence of inadequate thyrotropin secretion by the anterior pituitary gland.
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A subnormal thyroxine concentration in the blood.
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1. Reduced tension in any part, as in the eyeball. 2. Relaxation of the arteries. 3. A condition in which there is a diminution or loss of muscular tonicity, in consequence of which the muscles may be stretched beyond their normal limits.hypotonicity (1), hypotonus, hypotony; [hypo- + G. tonos, tone]
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1. Having a lesser degree of tension. 2. Having a lesser osmotic pressure than a reference solution, which is ordinarily assumed to be blood plasma or interstitial fluid; more specifically, refers to a fluid in which cells would swell.hypoisotonic;
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1. hypotonia 2. A decreased effective osmotic pressure.
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hypotonia
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Reduced toxicity; the quality of being only slightly poisonous.
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1. hypotrichosis 2. alopecia congenitalis [hypo- + G. trichiasis, hairiness]
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A less than normal amount of hair on the head and/or body.hypotrichiasis (1), oligotrichia, oligotrichosis; [hypo- + G. trichosis, hairiness]
h. congen´ita autosomal recessive condition seen in Guernsey and Holstein cattle.
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An ocular deviation with one eye lower than the other. [hypo- + G. trope, turn]
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Operative procedure for the complete surgical extirpation, without sacrifice of hearing, of small tumors confined to the lower tympanic cavity. [hypo- + G. tympanon, tympanum, + tome, incision]
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The lower part of the tympanic cavity. It is separated by a bony wall from the jugular bulb.
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Reduced flow of urine.
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Reduced blood concentration of uric acid.
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Reduced excretion of uric acid in the urine.
hereditary renal h. an autosomal recessive disorder caused by defective reabsorption of urate in the renal proximal tubule.
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hypoovarianism
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Reduced alveolar ventilation relative to metabolic carbon dioxide production, so that alveolar carbon dioxide pressure increases above normal.underventilation;
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A nutritional deficiency state characterized by relative insufficiency of one or more vitamins in the diet; manifested first by depletion of tissue levels, then by functional changes, and finally by appearance of morphologic lesions. Cf. avitaminosis.
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A decreased amount of blood in the body.hyphemia; [hypo- + L. volumen, volume, + G. haima, blood]
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Pertaining to or characterized by hypovolemia.
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Diminished water content or volume of a given compartment; e.g., extracellular h. [hypo- + L. volumen, volume]
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6-Oxypurine; purin-6(1H)-one;a purine present in the muscles and other tissues, formed during purine catabolism by deamination of adenine; elevated in molybdenum-cofactor deficiency.6-hydroxypurine;
h. guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) h. phosphoribosyltransferase
h. oxidase xanthine oxidase
h. phosphoribosyltransferase an enzyme present in human tissue that converts h. and guanine to their respective 5´ nucleotides, with 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate as the ribose-phosphate donor; a partial deficiency of this enzyme can result in elevated purine biosynthesis resulting in gout; another level of deficiency is associated with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.h. guanine phosphoribosyltransferase;
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inosine
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Subnormal oxygenation of arterial blood, short of anoxia. [hypo- + oxygen, + G. haima, blood]
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Decrease below normal levels of oxygen in inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissue, short of anoxia. [hypo- + oxygen]
anemic h. h. resulting from a decreased concentration of functional hemoglobin or a reduced number of erythrocytes; it is caused by hemorrhage or anemia of various types, or by poisoning with CO2, nitrites, or chlorates.
diffusion h. abrupt transient decrease in alveolar oxygen tension when room air is inhaled at the conclusion of a nitrous oxide anesthesia, because nitrous oxide diffusing out of the blood dilutes the alveolar oxygen.
hypoxic h. h. resulting from a defective mechanism of oxygenation in the lungs; may be caused by a low tension of oxygen, abnormal pulmonary function or respiratory obstruction, or a right-to-left shunt in the heart.
ischemic h. tissue h. characterized by tissue oligemia and caused by arterial or arteriolar obstruction or vasoconstriction.
oxygen affinity h. h. due to reduced ability of hemoglobin to release oxygen.
stagnant h. tissue h. characterized not by tissue oligemia (tissue blood volume being normal or even increased), but by intravascular stasis due to impairment of venous outflow or (in some instances) to decreased arterial inflow.
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Denoting or characterized by hypoxia.
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The abnormal and characteristically chaotic electroencephalogram commonly found in patients with infantile spasms. [G. hypsi, high, + a- priv. + rhythmos, rhythm]
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High, height. [G. hypsos, height]
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Having a high broad head. [hypsi- + G. brachys, broad, + kephale, head]
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oxycephaly [hypsi- + G. kephale, head]
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Having a high orbit, with an orbital index above 85. [hypsi- + G. konchos, a shell, the upper part of the skull]
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Y-shaped; U-shaped.upsiloid, ypsiliform; [G. upsilon (ypsilon)]
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A condition in which the palate is high and narrow. [hypsi- + G. staphyle, uvula]
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Having a high, narrow head. [hypsi- + G. stenos, narrow, + kephale, head]
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See hypsi-.
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oxycephaly [hypso- + G. kephale, head]
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Denoting the shift of an absorption spectrum maximum to a shorter wavelength (greater energy). [hypso- + G. chroma, color]
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Having long teeth. [hypso- + G. odous, tooth]
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A rarely used term for any minor factor(s) modifying the course of a disease for good or for ill, especially the former. [G. hypourgia, help, service, fr. hypo, + ergon, work]
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Joseph, Austrian anatomist, 1810-1894. See H.'s anastomosis, foramen, loop, epitympanic recess, sphincter.
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See hystero-.
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Pain in the uterus.hysterodynia, metrodynia; [hystero- + G. algos, pain]
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Atresia of the uterine cavity, usually resulting from inflammatory endocervical adhesions.
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Removal of the uterus; unless otherwise specified, usually denotes complete removal of the uterus (corpus and cervix).uterectomy; [hystero- + G. ektome, excision]
abdominal h. removal of the uterus through an incision in the abdominal wall.abdominohysterectomy, celiohysterectomy, laparohysterectomy;
abdominovaginal h. a combined vaginal and abdominal surgical approach that allows partial or complete removal of vagina, vulva, rectum, and perineum (abdominoperineal approach), as well as pelvic organs; usually done in cases of advanced pelvic cancer.
cesarean h. cesarean section followed by h.Porro h., Porro operation;
modified radical h. an extended h. in which a portion of the upper vagina is removed; the ureters are exposed and pulled back laterally without dissection from the ureteral bed.TeLinde operation;
paravaginal h. obsolete term for removal of the uterus through a perineal incision involving only the lower two-thirds of the vaginal wall.
Porro h. cesarean h
radical h. complete removal of the uterus, upper vagina, and parametrium.
subtotal h. supracervical h
supracervical h. removal of the fundus of the uterus, leaving the cervix in situ.subtotal h;
vaginal h. removal of the uterus through the vagina without incising the wall of the abdomen.colpohysterectomy, vaginohysterectomy;
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1. Failure of either one of two related phenomena to keep pace with the other; or any situation in which the value of one depends upon whether the other has been increasing or decreasing. Cf. allosterism, cooperativity. 2. The lag of a magnetic effect behind its cause.magnetic inertia; 3. The temperature differential that exists when a substance, such as reversible hydrocolloid, melts at one temperature and solidifies at another. 4. The basis of a type of cooperativity observed in many enzyme-catalyzed reactions in which the degree of cooperativity is associated with a slow conformational change of the enzyme. Cf. allosterism, cooperativity. [G. hysteresis, a coming later]
static h. the difference in the value reached by a dependent variable at a particular constant value of the independent variable, depending on whether the latter value had been approached from above or below; e.g., in measuring the pressure volume relations of the lungs, if one completely expires and then inspires to a particular volume and holds it constant, the transpulmonary pressure required to maintain that lung volume is greater than if one had completely inspired and then expired to the same volume and held it constant.
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Dilation of the lower segment and cervical canal of the uterus. [hystero- + G. euryno, to dilate, fr. eurys, wide]
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A somatoform (psychoneurotic or psychosomatic) disorder in which there is an alteration or loss of physical functioning that suggests a physical disorder such as paralysis of an arm or disturbance of vision, but that is instead apparently an expression of a psychological conflict or need; a diagnostic term, referable to a wide variety of psychogenic symptoms involving disorder of function, which may be mental, sensory, motor, or visceral. See somatoform disorder. [G. hystera, womb, from the original notion of womb-related disturbances in women]
anxiety h. h. characterized by manifest anxiety.
canine h. syndrome in dogs caused in ingestion of nitrogen trichloride, formerly in common use as a bleaching agent for flour.
conversion h. h. characterized by the substitution, through psychic transformation, of physical signs or symptoms for anxiety; generally restricted to such major symptoms as blindness, deafness, and paralysis, or lesser ones such as blurred vision and numbness.conversion hysteria neurosis, conversion neurosis, conversion reaction;
dissociative h. an unconscious process sometimes seen in patients with multiple personalities, or in h., in which a group of mental processes is separated from the rest of the thinking processes, resulting in an independent functioning of these processes and a loss of the usual relationships among them.
epidemic h. mass h
major h. a syndrome, now rarely seen, described by Charcot and characterized by a first stage of aura, a second stage of epileptoid convulsions, a third stage of tonic and clonic spasms, a fourth stage of dramatic behavior, and a fifth stage of delirium; the entire attack may last from a few minutes to half an hour. Sometimes used as a synonym for hysteroepilepsy.
mass h. 1. spontaneous, en masse development of identical physical and/or emotional symptoms among a group of individuals, as seen in a classroom of schoolchildren; 2. a socially contagious frenzy of irrational behavior in a group of people as a reaction to an event.epidemic h;
minor h. a mild form of h. characterized chiefly by subjective pains, nervousness, undue sensitiveness, and sometimes episodes of emotional excitement, but without paralysis or other such symptoms.
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Relating to or characterized by hysteria.
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Relating to neuralgic pains of hysterical origin.
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An expression of emotion accompanied often by crying, laughing, and screaming.
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1. The uterus. See also metr-, utero-. [G. hystera, womb (uterus)] 2. Hysteria. [G. hystera, womb (uterus)] 3. Later, following. [G. hysteros, later]
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Hysteria with cataleptic manifestations.
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1. An abdominal or perineal hernia containing part or all of the uterus. 2. Protrusion of uterine contents into a weakened, bulging area of uterine wall. [hystero- + G. kele, hernia]
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Operative occlusion of the uterus. [hystero- + G. kleisis, closure]
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Instrument for inspection of the uterine cavity and vagina. [hystero- + G. kolpos, vagina, + skopeo, to view]
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Attachment of both uterus and bladder to the abdominal wall to correct prolapse. [hystero- + G. kystis, bladder, + pexis, fixation]
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hysteralgia [hystero- + G. odyne, pain]
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Hysterical convulsions. See major hysteria.
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Causing hysterical symptoms or reactions. [hysteria + G. -gen, producing]
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1. X-ray examination of the uterus, usually using a contrast medium. 2. A recording of the strength of uterine contractions.
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Apparatus for recording the strength of uterine contractions.
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1. Radiographic examination of the uterine cavity filled with a contrast medium. 2. Graphic procedure used to record uterine contractions.metrography; [hystero- + G. grapho, to write]
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Resembling or simulating hysteria. [hystero- + G. eidos, resemblance]
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uterine calculus [hystero- + G. lithos, stone]
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Breaking up of adhesions between the uterus and neighboring parts. [hystero- + G. lysis, dissolution]
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A graduated sound for measuring the depth of the uterine cavity.uterometer; [hystero- + G. metron, measure]
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A myoma of the uterus. [hystero- + G. mys, muscle, + -oma, tumor]
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Operative removal of a uterine myoma. [hysteromyoma + G. ektome, excision]
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Incision into the muscles of the uterus. [hystero- + G. mys, muscle, + tome, incision]
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Narcolepsy of emotional origin.
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Surgical removal of the uterus and ovaries. [hystero- + G. oon, egg, + phoros, bearing, + ektome, excision]
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Any disease of the uterus. [hystero- + G. pathos, suffering]
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Fixation of a misplaced or abnormally movable uterus.uterofixation, uteropexy; [hystero- + G. pexis, fixation]
abdominal h. attachment of the uterus to the anterior abdominal wall.laparohysteropexy;
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A pessary or other support for a prolapsed or displaced uterus. [hystero- + G. phoros, bearing]
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uteroplasty
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Sutural repair of a lacerated uterus. [hystero- + G. rhaphe, suture]
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Rupture of the uterus.metrorrhexis; [hystero- + G. rhexis, rupture]
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Operation for the removal of the uterus and one or both uterine tubes. [hystero- + G. salpinx, a trumpet, + ektome, excision]
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Radiography of the uterus and fallopian tubes after the injection of radiopaque material.gynecography, hysterotubography, metrosalpingography, uterosalpingography, uterotubography; [hystero- + G. salpinx, a trumpet, + grapho, to write]
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Excision of the uterus, oviducts, and ovaries. [hystero- + G. salpinx, trumpet, + oon, egg, + phoros, bearing, + ektome, excision]
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Operation to restore patency of a uterine tube. [hystero- + G. salpinx, trumpet, + stoma, mouth]
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An endoscope used in direct visual examination of the uterine cavity.metroscope, uteroscope; [hystero- + G. skopeo, to view]
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Visual instrumental inspection of the uterine cavity.uteroscopy;
laparoscopic-assisted vaginal h. (LAVH) a procedure for viewing the interior of the uterus.Carbon dioxide or sugar water is injected through the cervix to inflate the uterus; then a hysteroscope is threaded in under local anesthesia. As in standard laparoscopy, the hysteroscope may be fitted with tools to enable minor surgery.
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Spasm of the uterus.
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A delayed contraction of the heart; opposed to premature contraction or extrasystole. [G. hysteros, following, after, + systole, a contracting]
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Measurement of uterine temperature.
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Incision of the uterus.metrotomy, uterotomy; [hystero- + G. tome, incision]
abdominal h. transabdominal incision into the uterus. Also variously called abdominohysterotomy; celiohysterotomy; laparohysterotomy; laparouterotomy.abdominohysterotomy, celiohysterotomy, laparohysterotomy, laparouterotomy;
vaginal h. incision into the uterus via the vagina.colpohysterotomy;
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Obsolete term for pressor substance found in decidua and amniotic fluid of patients with toxemia of pregnancy. [hystero- + G. tonos, tension]
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Removal of the cervix uteri. [hystero- + G. trachelos, neck, + ektome, excision]
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Plastic surgery of the cervix uteri. [hystero- + G. trachelos, neck, + plastos, formed, shaped]
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Sutural repair of a lacerated cervix uteri. [hystero- + G. trachelos, neck, + rhaphe, a seam]
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Incision of the cervix uteri. [hystero- + G. trachelos, neck, + tome, incision]
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Symptoms of lockjaw with a psychologic, functional basis.
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hysterosalpingography
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Abbreviation for hertz.
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